The 20th anniversary of the installation of the small-aperture “Mikhnevo” array. Monitoring induced seismicity

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Over 20 years of continuous operation of the small-aperture seismic array (SASA) “Mikhnevo”, a huge experience in recording ultra-weak signals generated by regional and global seismicity has been accumulated. High-resolution data processing methods have been developed and applied, including directional summation and waveform cross-correlation. Within the framework of this review of the results of instrumental observations and processing, two approaches to reducing the detection threshold for seismic events when monitoring induced seismicity are considered — the use of array stations and the method of waveform cross-correlation (WCC). The effectiveness of the approaches in relation to the detection, location, and identification of weak seismic sources is illustrated by the aftershock sequence of the earthquake near Mariupol that occurred on August 7, 2016, as well as the aftershocks of the fifth and sixth announced explosions in the DPRK, detected during the period from September 9, 2016, to September 11, 2021. The coordinates of the earthquake were estimated using the data of the “Mikhnevo” array and the temporary SASA of the IDG RAS “Rostov-Don”. The location accuracy is comparable to the accuracy provided by 49 three-component (3-C) stations of the FRC UGS RAS and the International Monitoring System (IMS). In the five days after the earthquake, 12 aftershocks were detected and located relative to the mainshock using the WCC method. The group stations of the IMS AKASG and BRTR and the 3-C station KBZ also participated in the detection and estimation of the parameters. The network of stations of the FRC UGS RAS detected 5 aftershocks, and the IMS did not detect a single one. The location of explosions in the DPRK using the WCC made it possible to determine their relative location with an accuracy of 100–200 m. The sixth explosion could not be accurately located relative to the others due to the finite size of its source, which introduced significant changes in the differential travel time, depending on the direction to the station. The WCC method was also used to detect and identify weak seismic events within the DPRK Punggye-ri test site using template waveforms from explosions and aftershocks of the fifth and sixth tests, recorded at the IMS array stations KSRS and USRK. Over a five-year observation period, 89 events were detected. Based on estimates of the cross-correlation characteristics of signals at both stations, it was possible to divide the general aftershock sequence into two separate ones associated with processes in the zones of influence of the fifth and sixth explosions.

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作者简介

I. Kitov

Sadovsky Institute of Geospheres Dynamics of Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: irina@idg.ras.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

I. Sanina

Sadovsky Institute of Geospheres Dynamics of Russian Academy of Sciences

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: irina@idg.ras.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

S. Volosov

Sadovsky Institute of Geospheres Dynamics of Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: irina@idg.ras.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

N. Konstantinovskaya

Sadovsky Institute of Geospheres Dynamics of Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: irina@idg.ras.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

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2. Fig. 1. Waveform templates for the C00 channel from the 2013 event with a length of 15 s. Filters are indicated in the upper right corner of each waveform panel: 1 — (0.5–2) Hz, 2 — (1–3) Hz, 3 — (2–4) Hz, 4 — (3–6) Hz, 5 — (4–8) Hz, and 6 — (6–12) Hz.

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3. Fig. 2. Signal detection using cross-correlation on the Mikhnevo group. From left to right: SNCcc for the following master/target event pairs 2013/2009, 2009/2013, 2013/2006. The signal from the 2006 event has SNRcc = 3.8. Detection threshold SNRcc = 3.5.

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4. Fig. 3. Dependence of SNR for normal and cross-correlation traces on the noise level. The Y-axis is on a logarithmic scale.

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5. Fig. 4. Relative locations of the epicenters of the five announced explosions in the DPRK.

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6. Fig. 5. Records of the main event in the Mikhnevo (a) and Rostov-Don (b) groups. Conversion factors for: MHVAR — 7.45 10-6 μm/s, RD — 3.16 10-3 μm/s [Sanina et al., 2019].

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7. Fig. 6. Seismic records on two small-aperture arrays “Mikhnevo” (top) and “Rostov-Don” (bottom) and an example of joint location in the inset. Vertical lines P and S mark the arrivals of longitudinal and transverse waves [Sanina et al., 2019].

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8. Fig. 7. Examples of records on seismic arrays: stationary MHVAR (a) and time RD (b) of the aftershock of the Mariupol earthquake of August 11, 2016, source time 21:59:30. The records are filtered in the 1–5 Hz band, the channels are vertical, the channel names are given on the left, the amplitude scale on the record is on the right, the values ​​are given in ADC readings. Conversion factors: for MHVAR — 7.45 10-6 μm/s, for RD — 3.16 10-3 μm/s [Sanina et al., 2019].

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9. Fig. 8. Compilation scheme of neotectonic faults and lineaments (compiled based on the works [Kitov et al., 2017; Sanina et al., 2019]). 1–2 — neotectonic faults (based on the materials of [Gosudarstvennaya..., 2012]): 1 — major, 2 — minor; 3 — lineaments; 4, 5 — epicenter of the earthquake of 07.08.2016 (a) and its aftershocks (b); number — number; numbers in circles — fault numbers: 1 — Maloyanisolsky, 2 — Kalmiusky, 3 — Primorsky.

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10. Fig. 9. The DPRK-5 aftershocks (red circles) are above the X-axis, which serves as the decision line. The DPRK-6 aftershocks (black diamonds) are below this line. There are weak events that cannot be assigned to either of the two populations due to their low SNRcc values. The first DPRK-5 aftershock and the events following DPRK-6 serve as references to distinguish between the two aftershock sequences. The second aftershock on 03/09/2017 belongs to the DPRK-5 cluster.

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