Khokhoy deposit is a new Carlin-type gold-bearing object (Aldan shield)

Capa

Citar

Texto integral

Acesso aberto Acesso aberto
Acesso é fechado Acesso está concedido
Acesso é fechado Acesso é pago ou somente para assinantes

Resumo

To the west of the unique gold-mining Central Aldan ore district at the Khokhoy deposit of Verkhneamginskaya area, gold mineralization has been identified for the first time in terms of regional position, structural, morphological, and mineralogical-geochemical parameters comparable to its global analogue, the Carlin type. The deposit is located on the northern margin of the Precambrian Aldan shield in the deep Amga fault zone at the junction of two large structural units: the Olekminsky granite-greenstone region (Olekminsky craton) and the Aldan granulite-gneiss region (mobile belt). The mineralization is represented by sandy loam-clay-clastic karst formations developed on the tectonized contact of Lower Cambrian carbonate and Lower Jurassic terrigenous sedimentary rocks. Ore-bearing sublongitudinal steeply falling discontinuous faults are accompanied by Cretaceous dikes of sub-alkaline rocks. The friable supergenic formations consist of quartz, muscovite, clay minerals (illite, clinochlore, Fe-clinochlore, kaolinite), lepidocrocite, carbonates, barite, fluorite, goethite, jarosite, and hematite. The primary ores were preserved in the form of fragments/relics of jasperoids – pyrite-adularia-quartz metasomatites formed as a result of silicic-potassic metasomatism of carbonate rocks. Jasperoids carry low-temperature mineralization, represented by fine-grained quartz, chalcedony, adularia, sericite, calcite, barite, fluorite, illite, hollandite, pyrite, minerals of thallium, antimony, arsenic, tellurium and mercury. Geochemical association of elements – Au-As-Sb-Tl-Te-Hg. Finely dispersed native gold of primary ores with a size of no more than 0.005 mm is found in oxidized pyrite enriched with Sb, As and Hg, as well as in association with minerals of thallium and mercury. In friable karst formations, the residual gold was released and enlarged to 0.1–0.5 mm. High-grade supergenic gold is characterized by a spongy structure and an admixture of Hg. A new mineral, thallium tellurate Tl2TeO6 – amgaite, has been discovered in the ores. The substantiation of the highly productive Carlin type of gold mineralization of the Khokhoy deposit will serve as the basis for the revision and revaluation of the Kuranakh type in the area of the Aldan shield.

Texto integral

Acesso é fechado

Sobre autores

L. Kondratieva

Diamond and Precious Metals Geology Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences

Autor responsável pela correspondência
Email: lkon12@yandex.ru
Rússia, Lenin Avenue, 39, Yakutsk, 677981

G. Anisimova

Diamond and Precious Metals Geology Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: gsanisimova1952@mail.ru
Rússia, Lenin Avenue, 39, Yakutsk, 677981

E. Sokolov

Yakutskgeologiya Joint Stock Company

Email: geol63@mail.ru
Rússia, Kalvitsa St., 24, Yakutsk, 677000

V. Kardashevskaia

Diamond and Precious Metals Geology Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Science

Email: kardashevskaya92@mail.ru
Rússia, Lenin Avenue, 39, Yakutsk, 677981

Bibliografia

  1. Анисимова Г.С., Кондратьева Л.А., Соколов Е.П., Кардашевская В.Н. Золотое оруденение лебединского и куранахского типов в Верхнеамгинском районе (Южная Якутия) // Отечественная геология. 2018. № 5. С. 3–13.
  2. Анисимова Г.С., Кондратьева Л.А., Кардашевская В.Н. Вейссбергит (TlSbS2) и авиценнит (Tl2O3) – редкие минералы таллия. Первые находки в Якутии // Зап. РМО. 2021. № 2. С. 18–27.
  3. Бойцов В.Е., Верчеба А.А., Пилипенко Г.Н., Жданов А.В. Металлогеническое районирование Центрально-Алданского рудного района Республики Саха (Якутия) // Известия высших учебных заведений. Геология и разведка. 2010. № 5. С. 23-32.
  4. Брадинская Е.М., Развозжаева Э.А., Виленкин Э.А., Баранкевич В.Г. Золотосодержащие углеродистые вещества в первичных рудах некоторых месторождений Центрального Алдана // ДАН СССР. 1981. Т. 260. № 2. С. 282–284.
  5. Ветлужских В.Г., Ким А.А. Геолого-промышленные типы золоторудных месторождений Южной Якутии // Отечественная геология. 1997. № 1. С. 16–24.
  6. Ветлужских В.Г., Казанский В.И., Кочетков А.Я., Яновский В.М. Золоторудные месторождения Центрального Алдана // Геология руд. месторождений. 2002. Т. 44. № 6. С. 467–499.
  7. Викентьев И.В., Тюкова Е.Э., Мурзин В.В., Викентьева О.В., Павлов Л.Г. Воронцовское золоторудное месторождение. Геология, формы золота, генезис. Екатеринбург, Форт Диалог-Исеть, 2016. 206 с.
  8. Волков А.В., Серафимовский Т., Кочнева Н.Т. и др. Au-As-Sb-Tl эпитермальное месторождение Алшар (Южная Македония) // Геология руд. месторождений. 2006. Т. 48. № 3. С. 205–224.
  9. Волков А.В., Сидоров А.А. Геолого-генетическая модель месторождений золота карлинского типа // Литосфера. 2016. № 6. С. 145–165.
  10. Горошко М.В., Каплун Б.М., Малышев Ю.Ф., Романовский Н.Л., Гурович В.Г. Глубинное строение, магматизм, металлогения Центрально-Алданского блока Алдано-Станового щита // Тихоокеанская геология. 2010. Т. 29. № 4. С. 3–18.
  11. Дворник Г.П. Золоторудные метасоматические формации Центрально-Алданского района // Литосфера. 2012. № 2. С. 90–105.
  12. Казаринов А.И. К вопросу о генезисе золоторудных месторождений куранахского типа // Золоторудные формации Дальнего Востока. М.: Наука, 1969. С. 125–135.
  13. Ким А.А. Золото-теллуридно-селенидная минерализация в Куранахском месторождении (Центральный Алдан) // Зап. ВМО. 2000. № 5. C. 51–57.
  14. Ким A.A., Заякина Н.В., Лаврентьев Ю.Г. Яфсоанит, (Zn1.38Ca1.36Pb0.26)3TeO6 – новый минерал теллура // Зап. ВМО. 1982. 111(1). С. 118–121.
  15. Ким А.А., Заякина Н.В., Лаврентьев Ю.Г., Махотко В.Ф. V,Si-разновидность дугганита – первая находка в СССР // Минералогический журнал. 1988. Т. 10. № 6. С. 85–89.
  16. Ким А.А., Заякина Н.В., Махотко В.Ф. Куксит Pb3Zn3TeO6(PO4)2 и черемныхит Pb3Zn3TeO6(VO4)2 – новые теллураты из Куранахского золоторудного месторождения (Центральный Алдан, Южная Якутия) // Зап. ВМО. 1990. Вып. 5. С. 50–57.
  17. Кондратьева Л.А., Анисимова Г.С. Минералы ртути, таллия и мышьяка Хохойского месторождения, Алданский щит // Геология и минерально-сырьевые ресурсы Северо-Востока России [Электронный ресурс]: материалы XII Всероссийской научно-практической конференции, посвященной 65-летию Института геологии алмаза и благородных металлов Сибирского отделения РАН, 23-25 марта 2022 г. / [Отв. ред. В.Ю. Фридовский]. Якутск: Издательский дом СВФУ, 2022. 1 электрон. опт. диск. С.184–188.
  18. Кочетков А.Я. Мезозойские золотоносные рудно-магматические системы Центрального Алдана // Геология и геофизика. 2006. Т. 47. № 7. С. 850–864.
  19. Кутырев Э.И. Карстовые месторождения / Э.И. Кутырев, Б.М. Михайлов, Ю.С. Ляхницкий. Л. СПб.: Недра, 1989. 311 с.
  20. Мурзин В.В., Сазонов В.Н., Ронкин Ю.Л. Модель формирования Воронцовского золоторудного месторождения на Урале (карлинский тип): новые данные и проблемы // Литосфера. 2010. 6. С. 66–73.
  21. Родионов Ю.Н. Новый тип золотого оруденения в Сетте-Дабане // Руды и металлы. 1995. № 4. С. 77–83.
  22. Угрюмов А.Н., Дворник Г.П. Метасоматические формации и золотая минерализация в рудном районе мезозойской тектоно-магматической активизации (Алданский Щит) // Известия УГГГА. Серия: Геология и геофизика. 2000. Вып. 10. С. 119–128.
  23. Шевырёв Л.Т. Закономерности в распределении летучих элементов в поверхностной оболочке Земли: вероятная историко-минерагеническая интерпретация. Статья 3. Таллий // Вестник ВГУ. Серия: Геология. 2015. № 3. С. 5–16.
  24. Эйриш Л.В. К перспективам выявления на Дальнем Востоке России месторождений карлинского типа // Тихоокеанская геология. 1998. № 17 (4). С. 72–79.
  25. Яблокова С.В., Дубакина Л.С., Дмитрак А.Л., Соколова Т.В. Куранахит – новый гипергенный минерал теллура // Зап. ВМО. 1975. Вып. 3. C. 310–313.
  26. Anisimova G.S., Kondratieva L.A., Kardashevskaia V.N. Characteristics of Supergene Gold of Karst Cavities of the Khokhoy Gold Ore Field (Aldan Shield, East Russia) // Minerals 2020, 10, 139.
  27. Anisimova G.S., Kondratieva L.A., Kardashevskaia V.N. Weissbergite (TlSbS2) and Avicennite (Tl2O3), Rare Thallium Minerals: First Findings in Yakutia // Geology of Ore Deposits. 2022. V. 64. № 7. P. 424–431.
  28. Alvarez A.A., Noble D.C. Sedimentary Rock-Hosted Disseminated Precious Metal Mineralization at Purisima Concepcion, Yauricocha District, Central Peru // Econ. Geol. 1988. V. 83. P. 1368–1378.
  29. Arehart G.B., Foland K.A., Naeser C.W., Kesler S.E. Ar40/Ar39, K/Ar and Fission Track Geochronology of the Sedimenthosted Gold Deposits at Post-Betze, Carlin Trend, Northeastern Nevada // Econ. Geol. 1993. V. 88. P. 622–646.
  30. Arehart G.B. Characteristics and origin of sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits: A review // Ore Geol. Rev. 1996. V. 11. P. 383–403.
  31. Berger B.R., Bagby W.C. The geology and origin of Carlin-type gold deposits; in Gold Metallogeny and Exploration // R.P. Foster, Editor, Blackie, Glasgow and London, 1991, p. 210–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0497-5_7
  32. Christensen O.D. Carlin trend geologic overview; in Gold Deposits of the Carlin Trend, Nevada // O.D. Christensen, Editor, Society of Economic Geologists, Guidebook Series, 1993. V. 18. P. 12–26.
  33. Christensen O.D. Wall rock alteration in Carlin-type sedimentary-rock-hosted gold deposits; in Models in Base and Precious Metals // Short Course notes, Northwest Mining Association, 1994/ 11 p.
  34. Christensen O., Garwin S.L. Mitchell P.A. Carlin-type sedimentary rock-hosted disseminated gold deposits around the Pacific; in New Mineral Deposit Models for the Cordillera // Short Course Notes, Northwest Mining Association, 1996. P. E1–E34.
  35. Cvetković L., Boronikhin V.A., Pavićević M.K., Krajnović D., Gržetić I., Libowitzky E., Giester G., Tillmanns E. Jankovićite, Tl5Sb9(As,Sb)4S22, a new Tl-sulfosalt from Allchar, Macedonia // Mineralogy and Petrology. 1995. 53. P. 125–131.
  36. John Z., Picot P., Hak J., Kvaček M. La parapierrotite, un nouveau minéral thallifère d'Allchar (Yougoslavie) // Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 1975. 22. P. 200–210.
  37. Cline J.S., Hofstra A.H., Muntean J.L., Tosdal R.M., Hickey K.A. Carlin-type gold deposits in Nevada: Critical geologic characteristics and viable models: Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume, 2005. P. 451–484.
  38. Groves D.A. End members of the deposit spectrum on the Carlin Trend: examples from recent discoveries; in New Mineral Deposit Models for the Cordillera; Cordilleran Roundup, Short Course Notes, B.C. Ministry of Employment and Investment, 1996. P. D1–D35.
  39. Hofstra A.H., Cline J.S. Characteristics and models for Carlintype gold deposits: Reviews in Economic Geology, 2000. V. 13. P. 163–220.
  40. Hofstra A.H., Snee L.W., Rye R.O., Folger H.W., Phinisey J.D., Loranger R.J., Dahl A.R., Naeser C.W., Stein H.J., Lewchuk M. Age constraints on Jerritt Canyon and other Carlin-type gold deposits inthe western United States – relation to mid- Tertiary extension and magmatism // Econ Geol. 1999. 94. P. 769–802.
  41. Hofstra A.H., Leventhal J.S., Northrop H.R., Landis G.P., Rye R.O., Birak D.J., Dahl A.R. Genesis of sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits by fluid mixing and sulfidation: chemical reaction path modeling of ore-depositional processes documented in the Jerritt Canyon district, Nevada // Geology. 1991. 19. P. 36–40.
  42. Hu Rui-Zhong, Su Wen-Chao, Bi Xian-Wu, Tu Guang-Zhi, Albert H. Hofstra Geology and geochemistry of Carlin-type gold deposits in China // Mineralium Deposita. 2002. 37. P. 378–392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-001-0242-7
  43. Ilchik R.P., Barton M.D. An amagmatic origin of Carlin-type gold deposits // Econ. Geol. 1997. V. 92. P. 269–288.
  44. Kasatkin A.V., Anisimova G.S., Nestola F., Plášil J., Sejkora J., Škoda R., Sokolov E.P., Kondratieva L.A., Kardashevskaia V.N. Amgaite, Tl3+2Te6+O6, a New Mineral from the Khokhoyskoe Gold Deposit, Eastern Siberia, Russia. Minerals 2022. 12. P. 1064.
  45. Kesler S.E., Fortuna J., Ye Z., Alt J.C., Core D.P., Zohar P., Borhauer J., Chryssoulis S.L. Evaluation of the role of sulfidation in deposition of gold, Screamer section of the Betze-Post Carlin-type deposit, Nevada // Econ. Geol. 2003. V. 98. P. 1137–1157.
  46. Khomich V., Shcheka S., Boriskina N. Geodynamic factors in the formation of large gold-bearing provinces with Carlin-type deposits on continental margins in the North Pacific // AIMS Geosciences, 2023, 9(4): 672–696. https://doi.org/10.3934/geosci.2023036
  47. Kondratieva L.A., Anisimova G.S., Kardashevskaia V.N. Types of Tellurium Mineralization of Gold Deposits of the Aldan Shield (Southern Yakutia, Russia). Minerals 2021. 11. P. 698.
  48. Lefebure D.V., Brown D.A., Ray G.E. The British Columbia sediment-hosted gold project // British Columbia. Geological Survey Geological Fieldwork 1998, Paper 1999-1. P. 165–178.
  49. Li Z., Peters S.G. Comparative geology and geochemistry of sedimentary rock-hosted (Carlin-type) gold deposits in the People’s Republic of China in Nevada, USA // Open-File Report, 1998. P. 98–466, US Geological Survey
  50. Longerich H.P., Jackson S.E., Günther D. Inter-laboratory note. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric transient signal data acquisition and analyte concentration calculation // J. Anal. Atomic Spectrom. 1996. 11. P. 899–904.
  51. Maksimov E.P., Uyutov V.I., Nikitin V.M. The Central Aldan gold-uranium ore magmatogenic system, Aldan-Stanovoy shield, Russia. Russ. // J. Pac. Geol. 2010. 4. P. 95–115.
  52. Maslennikov V.V., Cherkashov G.A., Firstova A.V., Ayupova N.R., Beltenev V.E., Melekestseva I.Y., Artemyev D.A., Tseluyko A.S., Blinov I.A. Trace Element Assemblages of Pseudomorphic Iron Oxyhydroxides of the Pobeda-1 Hydrothermal Field, 1708.7′ N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge: The Development of a Halmyrolysis Model from LA-ICP-MS Data // Minerals. 2023. № 13. P. 4.
  53. Muntean J., Cline J., Simon A. et al. Magmatic–hydrothermal origin of Nevada’s Carlin-type gold deposits // Nature Geosci. 2011. 4. P. 122–127. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1064
  54. Murzin V.V., Sazonov V.N., Grigoriev N.A., Ryabinin V.F. A genetic model for Carlin-type gold ores in the Urals August 1990 https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3079.7443 Conference: Eighth Quadrennial IAGOD Symp.At: Ottawa, CanadaVolume: Proceeding of the Eighth Quadrennial IAGOD Symp. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart. 1990. P. 647–652.
  55. Palinkaš S.S., Hofstra A.H., Percival T.J., Šoštari´c S.B., Palinkaš L., Bermanec V., Pecskay Z., Boev B. Comparison of the Allchar Au-As-Sb-Tl Deposit, Republic of Macedonia, with Carlin-Type Gold Deposits // Reviews in Economic Geology. 2018. V. 20. P. 335–363.
  56. Paton C., Hellstrom J., Paul B., Woodhead J., Hergt, J. Iolite: Freeware for the visualisation and processing of mass spectrometric data. // J. Anal. Atomic Spectrom. 2011. 26. P. 2508–2518.
  57. Pekov I.V., ZubkovaN.V., Belakovskiy D.I., Yapaskurt V.O., Vigasina M.F., Lykova I.S., SidorovE.G., Pushcharovsky D.Y. Chrysothallite K6Cu6Tl3+Cl17(OH)4 ·H2O, a new mineral species from the Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka, Russia // Miner. Mag. 2015. V. 79. P. 365–37.
  58. Pekov I.V., Krzhizhanovskaya M.G., Yapaskurt V.O., Belakovskiy D.I., Sidorov, E.G. Kalithallite, IMA 2017-044. CNMNC Newsletter No. 39, October 2017, page 1280 // Miner. Mag. 2017. 81. P. 1279–1286.
  59. Percival T.J., Radtke A.S. Sedimentary-rock-hosted disseminated gold mineralization in the Alsar District, Macedonia // The Canadian Mineralogist. 1994. V. 32. P. 649–665.
  60. Radtke A.S. Geology of the Carlin gold deposit, Nevada // U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper. 1985. 1267. 221 p.
  61. Radtke A.S., Rye R.O., Dickson F.W. Geology and stable isotope studies of the Carlin gold deposit, Nevada // Econ. Geol. 1980. V. 75. P. 641–672.
  62. Rodionov S.M., Fredericksen R.S., Berdnikov N.V., Yakubchuk A.S. The Kuranakh epithermal gold deposit (Aldan Shield, East Russia) // Ore Geol. Rev. 2014. 59. P. 55–65.
  63. Schroeter T.G., Poulsen K.H. Carbonatehosted disseminated Au-Ag / in Selected British Columbia Mineral Deposit Profiles, Volume 2, D.V. Lefebure, and T. Hoy, Editors, B.C. Ministry of Employment and Investment, Open File 1996, 13. P. 9–12.
  64. Simon G., Kesler S.E., Chryssoulis S. Geochemistry and textures of gold-bearing arsenian pyrite, Twin Creeks, Nevada: implications for deposition of gold in Carlin-type deposits // Econ Geol. 1999. V. 94. P. 405–421.
  65. Sillitoe R.H., Bonham H.F.Jr. Sediment-hosted gold deposits: distal products of magmatic-hydrothermal systems // Geology. 1990. V. 18. P. 157–161.
  66. Su W., Dong W., Zhang X., Shen N., Hu R., Hofstra A.H., Cheng L., Xia Y., Yang K. Carlin-Type Gold Deposits in the Dian-Qian-Gui “Golden Triangle” of Southwest China // Reviews in Economic Geology. V. 20. P. 157–185.
  67. Vikentyev I.V., Tyukova E.E., Vikent′eva O.V., Chugaeva A.V., Dubinina E.O., Prokofiev V.Yu., Murzin V.V. Vorontsovka Carlin-style gold deposit in the North Urals: mineralogy, fluid inclusion and isotope data for genetic model // Chemical Geology. 2019. 508. P. 144–166.
  68. Zhou T., Goldfarb R.J., Phillips G. Neil Tectonics and distribution of gold deposits in China – an overview // Mineralium Deposita. 2002. 37 P. 249–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-001-0237-4.

Arquivos suplementares

Arquivos suplementares
Ação
1. JATS XML
Baixar
2. Fig. 1. Scheme of tectonic zoning (after Goroshko et al., 2010, with modifications). Aldan granulite-gneiss region: 1 - Early Archean blocks, 2 - Late Archean graben-synclinor structures; 3 - Vendian-Cambrian platform cover; 4 - South Aldan system of Mesozoic continental coal-bearing basins and grabens: K - Kuranakh, Ch - Chulman; 5 - Olekminskaya granite-greenstone region; 6 - deep faults (letters in circles): A - Amginsky, O - Olongrinsky, R - Russky, E - Elkonsky, T - Tyrkandinsky, Tm - Timpton; 7 - other faults; 8 - ore regions: CA - Central Aldan, VA - Verkhneamginsky; 9 – Khokhoy ore field. The inset shows the location of the Khokhoy ore field.

Baixar (2MB)
Metadados
3. Fig. 2. Geological map of the Khokhoy ore field: 1 - Quaternary deposits; 2 - subalkaline dikes; 3 - Lebedinsky monzonite-syenite plutonic complex; 4 - Yukhtinskaya suite, inequigranular, oligomictic sandstones, lenses and interlayers of gravelites, conglomerates, siltstones; 5 - Lower Cambrian deposits of the Ungelinskaya, Tumuldurskaya and Pestrotsvetnaya suites, dolomites with interlayers of marls and marly dolomites, 6 - Vendian-Lower Cambrian deposits of the Ust-Yudomskaya suite, bituminous dolomites with thin interlayers of marly dolomites; 7 - faults: a - main, b - secondary; 8 - karst development zones; 9 - Khokhoy deposit.

Baixar (3MB)
Metadados
4. Fig. 3. Structure of karst cavities: 1 – clays; 2 – gravel, crushed rock; 3 – blocks; 4 – dolomites; 5 – marly dolomites; 6 – sandstones; 7 – zones of intense fracturing; 8 – mineralized zones of crushing and brecciation; 9 – karst.

Baixar (1MB)
Metadados
5. Fig. 4. General view of ore-bearing karst

Baixar (8MB)
Metadados
6. Fig. 5. Jasperoids of the Khokhoy ore field: a – limonitized K-feldspar-quartz metasomatites with morion brushes in caverns and fine dissemination of goethite over pyrite; b – the same, polished; c–d – ore breccias; d – K-feldspar-quartz metasomatites with phenocrysts of coarse-crystalline hematite and disseminated fine-grained goethite.

Baixar (7MB)
Metadados
7. Fig. 6. Thallium mineralization: a – weissbergite grains in quartz; b – avicenite; c – association of amgaite, avicenite and unidentified thallium antimonate; g – association of avicenite and native gold; d – yankovicite; e – intergrowth of yankovicite and weissbergite. Wsb – weissbergite, Av – avicenite, Amgt – amgaite, Au – native gold, Un – unidentified thallium antimonate, Jnk – yankovicite, Q – quartz.

Baixar (6MB)
Metadados
8. Fig. 7. Forms of amgaite allocation and its association with other minerals: a–b – zonal aggregates of amgaite; c – rhythmically zonal individuals of amgaite; g – veinlets of amgaite in unidentified thallium antimonate; d – rims of amgaite around quartz, e – close association of native gold and amgaite. Amgt – amgaite, Au – native gold, Un – unidentified thallium antimonate, Q – quartz.

Baixar (3MB)
Metadados
9. Fig. 8. Mercury mineralization: a – coloradoite; b – cinnabar veinlets in quartz; c – cinnabar veinlets and associated micron-sized native gold in goethite. Col – coloradoite, Cnb – cinnabar, Au – native gold, Gth – goethite, Adl – adularia, Q – quartz.

Baixar (1MB)
Metadados
10. Fig. 9. Micron native gold of primary ores

Baixar (831KB)
Metadados
11. Fig. 10. Hypergene gold in karst deposits: a – mustard microporous; b – spongy; c – stem dendrites; g – branch-shaped; d – massive; e – crystalline.

Baixar (3MB)
Metadados

Declaração de direitos autorais © Russian academy of sciences, 2025