Structural Paragenesis and Geological Conditions of Formation of the Frontal Allochthon of the Southern Cis-Urals

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Abstract

The article presents the results of structural and geological study of the Ik–Sakmara segment of the western zone of frontal deformations of the Urals. Within this tectonic zone, at the late stages of the evolution of the Hercynian structure of the Urals, a thick complex of Upper Paleozoic sedimentary rocks composing the eastern slope of the Pre-Ural Trough was deformed. The studies carried out, including field study of structures, detailed structural mapping and construction of principal cross-sections, made it possible to clarify the ideas about the tectonic structure of the Southern Urals in this region – the most controversial in terms of structure. Based on the results of the work, multi-rank tectonic structures were demonstrated on the compiled maps and in cross-sections, the morphological interconnection of which makes it possible to combine them into a single folded-fault paragenesis formed in the regional horizontal compression. The formation of tectonic structures began immediately after the deposition of the evaporite strata of the Kungur stage, accompanied by an orogenic rise during the deformation area up to 6–8 km. Calculations and graphical constructions performed in accordance with the basic provisions of the methods of structural reconstructions of folds-and-thrust belts and the concept of balanced sections made it possible to substantiate the allochthon structure of the zone of frontal deformations, to estimate the thickness of the allochthonous plate (7–8 km), to determine the amplitudes of displacement (decreasing from east to west) along the subhorizontal detachment, as well as the value of the horizontal deformation of layers in the allochthon (up to 40%).

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E. S. Przhiyalgovskii

Geological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: prz4@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, bld. 7, Pyzhevsky per., 119017 Moscow

E. V. Lavrushina

Geological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: prz4@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, bld. 7, Pyzhevsky per., 119017 Moscow

A. B. Kuznetsov

Institute of Precambrian Geology and Geochronology, Russian Academy of Sciences (IPGG RAS)

Email: prz4@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, bld. 2, Makarov emb., 199034 Saint Petersburg

N. D. Zhuravleva

Geological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: prz4@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, bld. 7, Pyzhevsky per., 119017 Moscow

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2. Fig. 1. Geological scheme of the Sakmaro-Ik segment of the foredeep fold zone (according to [8, 24], with modifications and additions). (a) – Sakmaro-Ik segment; (b) – location of the study region. (a) shows (dashed black line contour) the location of the study areas: I – Uskalyk–Assel (northern), II – Kasmarka–Sakmara–Ural (southern). (b) shows (crimson contour) the location of the Sakmaro-Ik segment. Sedimentary rock complexes (1–14): 1 – modern alluvium, 2 – Lower Triassic, 3 – Middle and Upper Permian (undivided); 4–7 – stages of the lower part of the Permian system: 4 – Kungurian, 5 – Artinskian, 6 – Sakmara, 7 – Asselian; 8 – Asselian and Gzhelian stages of the upper section of the Carboniferous system (undivided); 9–10 – stages of the upper section of the Carboniferous system: 9 – Gzhelian, 10 – Kasimovian; 11–12 – stages of the middle section of the Carboniferous system: 11 – Moscowian, 12 – Bashkirian; 13–14 – stages of the lower section of the Carboniferous system: 13 – Serpukhovian, 14 – Visean; 15 – Syurensky reverse fault (western front of the allochthon); 16 – main faults in the allochthon

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3. Fig. 2. Photo of deformation structures in outcrops of terrigenous-carbonate and flysch packs of layers. (a) – Folds in the core of the Chumazin syncline in the northern side of the Uskalyk River valley (view to the north); (b) – intra-layer folds in limestones with chert lenses, Sakmarian stage (Verblyuzhka Mountain, right bank of the Ural River); (c) – synsedimentary disharmonic folds in limestones of the Serpukhovian stage (Assel River northeast of Abzanovo village); (g)–(d) – system of ordered folds in carbonate-clay member of Sakmarian stage in western wing of Kurmainskaya anticline (south of Kondurovka village): (g) – fold, in which differences in deformation of competent limestone layer and more plastic clay layer are observed, (d) – slip surface in fold lock and mullion-structures, revealed on the roof of limestone layer in form of longitudinal grooves; (e) – zone of sublayer cataclastic flow in clayey-sandstone member of Syurenskaya suite (Gzhelian and Asselian stages (undivided)) in zone of meridional faults (north of Assel river); (g) – zone of cataclasis and boudinage in clayey-carbonate member of Gzhelian stage (south of Chumaz river valley); (z) – “pencil” boudins of siltstones in the flysch layer of the Kasimov stage (west of the village of Abzanovo)

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4. Fig. 3. Structural map of the northern section of the Sakmaro-Ik deformation zone (the area of the Uskalyk and Assel rivers). Areas of detailed studies are indicated (rectangles with a dashed line): I - the core of the Chumazin syncline, Kruzhevnaya mountain (position - see Fig. 4); II - a zone of folds in the C₂₋₃ flysch complex north of Abzanovo village (position - see Fig. 5). 1 - traced marker layers; 2 - faults of different ranks; 3-4 - axes of macro-level folds: 3 - synclines, 4 - anticlines; 5 - elements of layer occurrence; 6 - deep wells; 7 - elements of macro-level folds (hinge inclination (arrow and value in degrees) and axial planes (blue dash)); 8–9 – amplitudes of displacements along faults (m); 8 – horizontal (strike-slip), 9 – vertical (normal-reverse faults)

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5. Fig. 4. The structure of the core of the Chumazinskaya synclinal fold (Kruzhevnaya Mountain). The location of the site - see Fig. 3. (a) - Scheme of structural interpretation of the space image; (b) - structural-geological map. 1 - traced horizons (highlighted: layers of a certain stratigraphic position (color range), layers of unclear stratigraphic position (dotted line in black)); 2 - horizons, the correlation of which is carried out presumably; 3 - faults: a - main, b - secondary; 4 - assumed displacement amplitudes along faults (m); 5-6 - axes of macrolevel folds: 5 - anticlines, 6 - synclines; 7 - bedding elements

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6. Fig. 5. Folded structure of carbonate-terrigenous complexes of the Middle and Upper Carboniferous in the area west of the Bashkirskaya Chumaz-Abzanovo highway. For the location of the area, see Fig. 3. (a) – Scheme of structural interpretation of the space image taking into account the field lithological correlation data of the layers (points of structural and lithological descriptions are shown); (b) – stereograms of fold elements (the color of the structural element corresponds to the numbers of the measurement points) of different scale ranks (Schmidt grid, lower hemisphere). Scheme of structural interpretation (1-7): 1 – traced horizons (highlighted: layers of a certain stratigraphic position (color range), layers of unclear stratigraphic position (dotted line in black)); 2 – horizons, the correlation of which was carried out presumably; 3 – faults: a – main, b – secondary; 4–5 ‒ macrolevel fold axes: 4 – anticlines, 5 – synclines; 6 – fold element measurement points; 7 – bedding elements; stereograms of fold elements (8–13): 8–9 – poles of axial surfaces: 8 – macrofolds, 9 – mesofolds; 10–11 – hinges: 10 – macrofolds, 11 – mesofolds; 12 – bedding planes of layers in macrofold wings; 13 – numbers of point groups where structural element orientation measurements were taken (the color of the points corresponds to the fold elements on the stereogram)

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7. Fig. 6. Structural map of the southern section of the Sakmaro-Ik deformation zone (the area of the Kasmarka River – Sakmara River – Ural River). (a) – Position of fragment A‒A′ of seismic profile No. 281003; (b) – line of geological section II‒II′. 1 – traced marker layers; 2 – faults of different ranks: a – frontal reverse fault, b – other major faults, c – minor faults; 3 – bedding elements; 4–5 – axes of macrolevel folds: 4 – synclines, 5 – anticlines; 6 – tilt of hinges (arrow, value in degrees) and axial planes (blue dash); 7 – line of change of regional tilt of hinges; 8-9 – fault displacements: 8 – horizontal (shift direction and magnitude (m)), 9 – vertical (magnitude (m)); 10 – deep wells (according to [2])

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8. Fig. 7. Geological sections I-I' and II-II', crossing the zone of frontal deformations along the valleys of the Assel River (Yuldybaevo village - Abzanovo village) and the Sakmara River (Kondurovka village - Ziyanchurino village). The position of the sections - see Fig. 3, see Fig. 6. Shown (pale tone) are the supposed deep and denuded parts of the section.

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9. Fig. 8. Comparison of data on regional seismic profile No. 281003 (according to [2]) with the geological structure (section II-II'). The position of the fragment (A-A') of seismic profile No. 281003 is shown in Fig. 6. Designated: main stratigraphic boundaries (solid lines in blue); roof of the Sakmarian stage (solid line in blue); faults (dashed line in red).

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10. Fig. 9. Reconstruction of the deformation stages of the Upper Paleozoic rock complex in the eastern side of the Cis-Ural trough in the post-Kungurian time. 1 – stratigraphic boundaries: a – Upper Paleozoic complexes, b – Lower Paleozoic ones assumed at depth; 2 – Sakmarian stage; 3 – faults of different ranks: a – frontal reverse fault, b – other faults; 4 – assumed position of the main detachment zone; 5 – position of an arbitrarily chosen limitation of the deformed rock volume; 6 – vector of horizontal displacement (deformation); 7 – preservation of the volume of rock complexes during deformation (equality of the areas of the upper and lower sectors)

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