Health Сare of the Russian Federation

Introduction. High mortality from certain unspecified causes of death leads to a degradation of mortality statistics for causes, which is especially noticeable in a number of Russian regions.Purpose. To assess the quality of mortality statistics in the regions of Russia through the prism of the frequency usage of codes from unspecified causes of death.Materials and methods. Standardized mortality rates from unspecified causes of death and their share of the standardized mortality rate from all causes were calculated, 2011–2021. The Russian database on fertility and mortality in Russia was used.Results. In the Republics of Bashkortostan, Chechnya and Ingushetia, up to 40–45% of deaths are encoded by codes of unspecified causes. The lowest proportion of unspecified causes were observed in the Tula (18%), Penza (19%) and Leningrad (21%) regions, the Republics of Dagestan (20%) and Buryatia (20%). The rating of regions with a high all-cause age-standardized death rates is largely formed by the large contribution of the standardized death rate from unspecified causes of the class “Diseases of the circulatory system” in both sexes (correlation coefficient 0.83 for men and 0.76 for women), injuries with uncertain intentions of the class “External causes of mortality and morbidity” in men (0.38) and “Senility” of the class “Symptoms and signs” in women (0.45).Research limitations. The use of the abridged list of the ICD-10.Conclusions. Regions use differently both unspecified code and codes of large classes in general. In regions with a high cumulative proportion of unspecified causes, the proportion of unspecified causes in each of the ICD-10 classes considered is most often high. The mirror trend in the mortality from some unspecified and specified causes of death suggests which causes of death regions tend to encode as unspecified.Compliance with ethical standards. This study does not require a conclusion from the Local Ethics Committee.Contribution of the authors: Yumaguzin V.V. — research concept and design, writing the text, statistical data processing; Vinnik M.V. — collection and processing of material, compilation of the list of literature, editing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.Funding. This study is an output of a research project implemented as part of the Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University).Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Received: February 28, 2025 / Revised: May 15, 2025 / Accepted: October 8, 2025 / Published: December 17, 2025

Introduction. The health of the population of large industrial centers has been sufficiently studied and widely presented in reports. At the same time, insufficient attention is paid to the health status of residents of medium-sized (by population) cities, the industrial production of which is determined by the city-forming enterprises (single research studies obtained from the RSCI database).The purpose of the study. To assess the health status of the adult population living in medium-sized cities, the economy of which has a single-industry character.Materials and methods. A comparative analysis of the primary morbidity of the adult population (18 years and older) of three medium-sized cities of the Udmurt Republic (hereinafter UR) was carried out including Glazov, Votkinsk, Sarapul, Izhevsk (the largest), and UR as a whole over a five-year period (2016–2020) according to the accounting forms of state statistics No. 12 and No. 7. Statistical analysis made using the Statistica 10.0 (StatSoft Inc.).Results. The primary morbidity of the adult population of medium-sized cities of the UR (Votkinsk, Glazov, Sarapul) with a monoprophilic nature of the economy significantly was found to differ from the average level in the republic for the following diseases: respiratory organs, digestive organs, skin and subcutaneous tissue. At the same time, the incidence of diseases of the circulatory system, genitourinary system, and neoplasms is higher in the largest city — Izhevsk and UR as a whole than in medium-sized cities. The revealed differences show the need for a differentiated approach to the analysis of the health status of the population depending on the category of cities.Research limitations. The range of studies is limited to a 5-year period (2016–2020).Conclusion. In the course of the study, a range of priority diseases of the adult population of medium-sized (in terms of population) cities was determined. The results obtained can be used in the development of differentiated programs at the regional level in the formation of a long-term health strategy.Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved at a meeting of the Local Ethics Committee of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Center for Strategic Planning" of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia (Minutes No. 01/10/21 dated 25.10.2021).Contribution of the authors: Sabirova Z.F. — concept and design of research, collection and processing of material, writing of text; Khripach L.V. — statistical data processing, editing; Budarina O.V. — editing; Skovronskaya S.A., Mullagaleeva N.F. — collection and processing of material, statistical data processing. All co-authors — approval of the final version, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.Funding. The study was carried out within the framework of state task № 388-00084-24-00.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Received: March 15, 2024 / Revised: November 20, 2024 / Accepted: October 8, 2025 / Published: December 17, 202

Introduction. Mental disorders are the leading global cause of illness and poor quality of life. The demand for mental health services is steadily increasing. However, the shortage of specially trained health workers, high cost of standard therapy, etc. make it difficult to engage in face-to-face psychological support interventions. In this regard, mobile and Internet technologies can be considered as potential tools to improve access to health care. These tools are being studied in many countries, but it is still unclear which of them have the greatest impact and what exactly contributes to achieving the best results.The purpose of the study. To analyze the current international literature on existing mobile applications for the recognition, prevention, and treatment of mental health problems.The search for scientific literature was carried out in the international PubMed/MEDLINE database for 2024-2025. The following keywords were used in different combinations for the search: “mental health”; “mobile apps for mental health”; “depression”; “dementia”.Mobile apps have been shown to be successfully used in many countries to address a variety of issues, including high levels of psychological stress, depression and burnout in the workplace, insomnia, risk factors for dementia, etc. However, not all apps are effective enough, and there is uncertainty about patient adherence to digital mental health treatments. The review discusses possible reasons for the lack of effectiveness of these methods or patient engagement in programs, as well as ways to improve them.Mobile applications for smartphones can provide excellent results in improving mental health, showing effectiveness in a wide range of problems. Therefore, further development of this area seems appropriate.Funding. This article was prepared by the author as part of the research project “Innovative approaches to the development of the public health care system of the city of Moscow” (EGISU No. 123032100060-2).Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Received: March 19, 2025 / Revised: June 10, 2025 / Accepted: October 8, 2025 / Published: December 17, 2025

Introduction. The article presents the complex analysis of management decision making on implementing recommended (not mandatory) preventive measures against infectious diseases in the corporate environment.The purpose of the study. To detect and systemize key barriers enterprises have to face at various stages in decision making when implementing recommended measures for infectious diseases prevention; to consider targeted instruments to stimulate their implementation.Materials and methods. The study relies on using the process approach, which considers a management decision as a sequence of interrelated stages: problem identification, search for options how to solve it, selecting an optimal variant, implementation, and efficiency estimate. The research methodology combines theoretical simulation (based on the adapted model by G. Simon) and qualitative analysis of data obtained by a social survey, which was conducted among top managers. This allowed verifying the existing barriers and to describe them in detail using examples form real business practices. Special attention is paid to identifying critical points of intervention where public measures can stimulate businesses most effectively.Results. Typical barriers were detected at each stage that hampered implementation of preventive measures. They included an absence of risk awareness, deficit of reliable information about preventive techniques, uncertain selection criteria, managerial difficulties in implementation, and difficulties in assessing performance and efficiency. At the problem identification stage, information campaigns and creation of standards for reporting are the key instruments; when selection options, creating registers of evidence practices and ‘packet solutions’; in implementation, financial support mechanisms.Research limitations. The study is limited by the size of the analyzed sample.Conclusion. The study results show the necessity to overcome information asymmetry and develop targeted instruments for stimulating businesses, which consider specific features of each stage in decision making. The study makes a contribution to developing the management decision and state regulation theory by suggesting a new outlook for analyzing interaction between businesses and the state in preventive medicine.Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies of Rospotrebnadzor (The meeting report No. 1 dated February 03, 2020). Prior to taking part in the survey, all respondents were provided with information about the study aims and had the right to cease their participation at any stage. All data were depersonalized.Contribution of the authors: Goleva O.I., Shur P.Z., Luzhetskiy K.P. — concept, editing the text, approval of the final version of the manuscript; Barg А.О., Luzhetskiy K.P., Goleva O.I. — data collection and analysis, writing the text and abstract, responsibility for the integrity of all the parts of the article; Barg А.О. — development of the questionnaire, data analysis.Funding. The study had no sponsorship.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Received: August 29, 2025 / Accepted: October 8, 2025 / Published: December 17, 2025

Introduction. Solving the problem of reducing the adversee impact of environmental risk factors on the harmonious development of cognitive functions is an urgent task.The purpose of the study. To study the state of cognitive functions in children living in conditions of chronic aerotechnogenic exposure to neurotropic impurities.Materials and methods. There were examined one hundred sixty seven children aged of 5–7 years including 136 preschoolers of the observation group lived in an area with excess hygienic standards for the concentration of lead, nickel, and phenol in the atmospheric air; 31 child of the comparison group lived in an area characterized by relative sanitary and hygienic well-being. To study cognitive functions, we used a series of test tasks to assess attention, memory, perception, logical thinking, analytical and synthetic activity. The state of the oxidative-antioxidant system and the level of glutamic acid were studied.Results. In the exposure zones, the multiplicity of average annual MPC excesses. It was up to 2.4 times for lead, 0.04 times for nickel, and 0.25 times for phenol. In children from the observation group, the frequency of excess of chemicals in the blood relative to the comparison group was 2.1 times for phenol, 1.3–1.7 times — maximum concentrations of lead and nickel in the blood. The effectiveness of tests to assess the level of memory and attention development in the exposed children was 1.2–1.5 times lower than in the children of the comparison group (p = 0.001–0.04). A relationship was revealed between the increased blood content of lead, nickel, and phenol and a decrease in memory, attention, and sensorimotor coordination (–0.183 ≤ r ≤ –0.145; 0.020 ≤ р ≤ 0.080). Causal relationships were found between the content of neurotoxicants in the blood and the level of glutamic acid, plasma malondialdehyde, and antioxidant activity (R2 = 0.19–0.75, p = 0.0001–0.022).Research limitations. Age-dependent limitation of the possibility to use cognitive tests.Conclusions. Indicators of cognitive decline are important for identifying risk groups among the child population living in the zone of aerogenic influence of industrial emissions components in order to further develop preventive measures.Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies (Meeting report No. 2 dated February 1, 2021). Legal representatives were informed about the aim of the study and provided their voluntary informed consent to participation.Contribution of the authors: Savinkov М.А. — data collection, statistical analysis, writing the text; Nosov А.Е. — study concept, editing the text; Shcherbakov А.А. — data collection, writing the text; Ustinova O.Yu. — study concept, editing the text; Valina S.L. — editing the text. All authors have approved the final version of the article and bear full responsibility for the integrity of all its parts.Funding. The research was not granted any sponsor support.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Received: August 29, 2025 / October 8, 2025 / Published: December 17, 2025

Introduction. In the last decade, specialized food products (SFP) and food supplements (FS) have been actively used in high-performance sports. Their contribution to providing athletes with nutrients and energy can be extremely significant, which seems to be an urgent problem for study.The purpose of the study. To study the frequency of prevalence of SFP use, the reasons for their choice in athletes of various disciplines.Materials and methods. There were examined one hundred seventy two athletes of various disciplines as follows: synchronized figure skating, freestyle, basketball, ice hockey, rowing, archery.Results. Significant differences in the frequency of intake and range of SFP and FS were revealed. Among athletes of the Olympic reserve level, up to 92% use such products, in contrast to student (64–83% inconstantly) and regional teams (50–54%). At the same time, the total levels of intake of some biologically active substances are not taken into account, exceeding not only the adequate (by 34.8 times), but also the upper permissible level of consumption (by 10.4 times). The leading reasons for choosing SFP for athletes’ nutrition were acceleration of recovery (up to 72%), build-up of muscle mass (up to 60%) and improvement of productivity (up to 48%).Research limitations. Athletes do not always have full information about the SFP and FS they use, which are provided at the expense of budgetary funds by coaching staff specialists during training events (camps).Conclusion. Insufficient knowledge in athletes, coaches and sports medicine doctors in the field of application of specialized products leads to additional overstrain of metabolic systems and cannot contribute to high sports results. Systematic training and advanced training of specialists is necessary for practical implementation of nutrition strategies for athletes of various sports, supplementation of diets with biologically active substances, elimination of adverse effects on health.Compliance with ethical standards. Research protocol No. 11 dated 12/15/2021 was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal Research Center for Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.Contribution of the authors: Kobelkova I.V. — concept and design of the study, editing, approval of the final version of the article; Seledkova Yu.A. — design of the study, writing the text; Korosteleva M.M. — writing the text, compiling the list of references. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.Funding. The work was carried out within the framework of the FNI topic No. FGMF-2022-0004.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no obvious or potential conflicts of interest in connection with the publication of this article.Received: February 7, 2025 / Revised: March 27, 2025 / Accepted: October 8, 2025 / Published: December 17, 2025