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No 5 (2021)

Articles

Editorial

Solomina O.N.
Zemlâ i vselennaâ. 2021;(5):3-4
pages 3-4 views

Natural Disasters in Caucasus Mountains from the International Space Station

Desinov L.V.

Abstract

Uragan space experiment on board the International Space Station is dedicated to monitor the environment and natural disasters. It started in 2001. Institute of Geography is the leading scientific organization of the program. Its researchers accept the applications for the survey, develop the program of the research, teach the cosmonauts. They also are engaged in acquisition and quick processing of the incoming images, their geographic connection, immediate transfer of the significant information, and cataloging. Today the collection of the images is nearing the 600 thousand items. In the paper we present two case studies of natural disasters in the mountains, giving an example in support of the very high urgency of the program.
Zemlâ i vselennaâ. 2021;(5):5-20
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Western Caspian Under Scrutiny

Medvedev A.A., Alekseenko N.A., Telnova N.O., Kudikov A.V., Kuramagomedov B.M.

Abstract

The significance of the Earth remote sensing from space for environmental studies can hardly be overestimated. The number of spacecraft, which routinely monitor the Earth’s surface, long ago has exceeded one hundred, and space data archives are measured with petabytes. With the increase in the number of spacecraft systems for the Earth remote sensing the quality and the resolution of the cameras are improving, reaching today 0.3 m. Today no less than 10 spacecraft are working with the spatial resolution better than 1 meter. However, there are many objects and processes, which can be monitored and mapped only with the data of centimetre resolution, with the combination of space-, air- and earth-based methods. Some of the phenomena and processes are still absent even on the large-scale maps, and the speed of their changes are poorly determined or completely unknown.
Zemlâ i vselennaâ. 2021;(5):21-37
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Analysing the Relief with 2D Images: Aerospace Photos to Study the Dangers In Highlands

Zorina V.V.

Abstract

Dangerous processes in highlands, mud flows and avalanches above all, underlie the rapid and catastrophic changes in the terrestrial geographical environment. These phenomena hamper the life of people, who live in highlands or come there for recreation or sport. Every year thousands of tourists come to mountains, but only too often forget about how dangerous they can be. In Russia, the most attractive for tourists is the Central Caucasus, the highest part of the Greater Caucasus range between Mount Elbrus and Mount Kazbek. We study the Bezengi Glacier basin, with the peaks of the heights up to 500 meters and the variety of the relief types, which make it the point of attraction both for trackers and sportlovers. However, it is important to study the dangers — it can once save people’s lives.
Zemlâ i vselennaâ. 2021;(5):38-47
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IKI-Monitoring Centre for Collective Use: New Ways to Use Earth Remote Sensing Technologies

Lupian E.A., Proshin A.A., Burtsev M.A.

Abstract

Last decades we witness the rapid development of the Earth remote sensing systems. Both the number of the spacecraft and data volume are increasing, the latter especially rapidly. The most important advancements occurred in the XXI century. Not only the capacities of the spacecraft widened in the time, but the new generation of systems appeared that allow not only qualitative, but also quantitative studies of the different processes on the Earth. These systems opened new page in space remote sensing and gave the chance to develop new, highly automatic methods to work with the Earth remote sensing data. These methods are the base of effective work with very big data, which are acquired in everyday space observations, almost everywhere on the planet.
Zemlâ i vselennaâ. 2021;(5):48-62
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Development of the National Meteorological System (to 60th Anniversary of the Development of the Meteorological Spacecraft In the USSR)

Vedeshin L.A., Gerasyutin S.A.

Abstract

В 2021 г. исполняется 60 лет с начала разработки в СССР метеорологических спутников. Постановлением Совета Министров СССР их создание было поручено ВНИИЭМ (Всесоюзный научно-исследовательский институт электромеханики, ныне АО «Научно-производственная корпорация “Космические системы мониторинга, информационно-управляющие и электромеханические комплексы” им. А.Г. Иосифьяна»). Первые прототипы метеоспутников («Омега-1» и «Омега-2») были запущены в 1963 г., затем последовали экспериментальные аппараты в 1966–1967 гг., в дальнейшем была разработана серия оперативных ИСЗ «Метеор», «Метеор-Природа», «Метеор-3», «Ресурс-О1», «Метеор-М», «Электро», «Арктика-М» гидрометеорологического, природно-ресурсного и океанографического обеспечения.
Zemlâ i vselennaâ. 2021;(5):63-80
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E.A. Dibai Crimean Astronomical Station of Sternberg Astronomical Institute of Lomonosov Moscow State University: History and Prospects

Kolotilov E.A., Tatarnikova A.A.

Abstract

В 2021 году исполняется 90 лет Государственному астрономическому институту им. П.К. Штернберга. С самого начала институт имел практическую направленность – он вырос из обсерватории МГУ на Красной Пресне (которая на целый век старше ГАИШ). Во все годы институт имел загородные базы, однако первой, по-настоящему наблюдательной базой, несомненно, является Крымская астрономическая станция. При распаде СССР в начале 90-х годов прошлого века Государственный астрономический институт им. П.К. Штернберга потерял две из трех наблюдательных баз – Алма-Атинскую в Казахстане и Майданакскую в Узбекистане. В российской собственности в силу определенных обстоятельств осталась южная база в Крыму. И только весной 2014 г., после воссоединения Крыма с Россией, ее принадлежность ГАИШ МГУ была закреплена окончательно. Мы рассмотрим ниже прошлое, настоящее и возможное будущее этой базы.
Zemlâ i vselennaâ. 2021;(5):81-101
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“We are only seeking Man” (to the 100th Birthday of Stanislaw Lem)

Sazhina O.S.

Abstract

Станислав Лем (12.09.1921–27.03.2006) – польский писатель-фантаст, футуролог и философ. Родился в г. Львове (Польша). Его произведения переведены более чем на 40 языков. В честь Станислава Лема назван астероид 3836 Лем, первый польский искусственный спутник «Лем», а также улицы – в Кракове и Величке.
Zemlâ i vselennaâ. 2021;(5):102-107
pages 102-107 views

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