The 2019–2021 Eruptions of Klyuchevskoy Volcano (Kamchatka)

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Abstract

The paper contains the data on volume of erupted products from both lateral and summit eruptions over the period 1932–1989. The paper shows that over that period the volume of the erupted products from lateral eruptions prevailed over that ones from summit eruptions. We also examined further changes of the volcano eruptive nature. From 1932 to 1989 the volcano was producing both summit and lateral eruptions, but over the period 1993–2016 Klyuchevskoy was only producing summit eruptions. In 2016, the volcano resumed lateral eruptions on its slopes. It was revealed that each summit eruption caused formation of pits in the volcano’s central crater. The paper provides specific features of those pits. The collapsed crater’s formation is associated with changes in the magma density and volume as it rises to the surface. The article provides the data on the 2019–2021 summit eruptions and the 2021 lateral eruption named after G.S. Gorshkov. The paper also contains the updates on morphological evolution of both the summit crater during the eruptions and the pits inside the crater after the eruptions.

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About the authors

N. A. Zharinov

Institute of Volcanology and Seismology FEB RAS

Author for correspondence.
Email: nzhar@kscnet.ru
Russian Federation, bulvar Piipa, 9, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, 683006

Yu. V. Demyanchuk

Institute of Volcanology and Seismology FEB RAS

Email: nzhar@kscnet.ru
Russian Federation, bulvar Piipa, 9, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, 683006

References

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  3. Жаринов Н.А., Демянчук Ю.В., Цветков В.А. Опыт применения квадрокоптера Mavic PRO для изучения побочного извержения им. Г.С. Горшкова на вулкане Ключевской в феврале ‒ марте 2021 г. // Материалы конференции “Вулканизм и связанные с ним процессы”. Петропавловск-Камчатский: ИВиС ДВО РАН, 2022. С. 38–41.
  4. Озеров А.Ю., Гирина О.А., Мельников Д.В. и др. Вулкан Ключевской: новый прорыв им. Г.С. Горшкова, 2021 г. (п-ов Камчатка) // Вестник КРАУНЦ. Науки о Земле. 2020. № 1. Вып. 49. С. 5–9.
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2. Fig. 1. General view of Klyuchevskoy volcano (view from the northeast). In the foreground, the cinder cones of side breakthroughs are visible. Photo by Yu.V. Demyanchuk.

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3. Fig. 2. The change in the heights of the crater floor and the top of the Klyuchevskaya volcano relative to sea level in 1968-2022. 1 – a side eruption; 2 – a summit eruption; 3 – sinkholes of the summit crater; 4 – the height of the bottom of the summit crater and its summit; 5 – the level of lava when the crater is filled with products of eruptions and the beginning of the outpouring of lava on the slopes of the volcano.

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4. Fig. 3. Characteristic moments of the I stage of the eruption (11.11.2019–06/28/2020). a – the beginning of the eruption on November 11, 2019; b – increased activity on January 20, 2020; c – powerful Strombolian activity with the release of bombs up to 1.5 thousand meters on March 8, 2020; d – Strombolian activity on April 12, the height of the release bombs up to 600-800 m; d – Strombolian activity and outpouring of lava flows along the Apakhonchichi trench on April 21, 2020; e – continuation of Strombolian activity and outpouring of lava flows along the Apakhonchichi trench on May 10, 2020; g – outpouring of lava flows along the Apakhonchichi trench, a slag cone up to 50 m high is visible in the background; h – view of the Apakhonchichy trench from the southeast, in the foreground the contours of the deposits of new lava flows of the eruption on May 30, 2020. Photo by Yu.V. Demyanchuk.

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5. Fig. 4. Daily characteristics of seismic and volcanic activity of Klyuchevskaya volcano in 2019-2021. a ‒ change in the height of steam-gas (light lines) and gas–ash emissions (dark lines); b ‒ the number of volcanic earthquakes of type I–II; c ‒ the number of volcanic earthquakes of type II–III; d – the number of volcanic earthquakes of type IV; e - the average value of volcanic tremor Acp/T (microns/s). The type of earthquakes is given according to the classification of P.I. Tokarev. The characteristics of seismic activity are given according to the data of the CF FIC of the USGS RAS. 1 – peak eruptions, 2 – side eruptions.

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6. Fig. 5. Characteristic moments of the II stage of the eruption (02.10.2020–08.02.2021). a – resumption of lava outpouring into the Apakhonchichi southeastern trough on October 7, 2020; b – lava gushing and its outpouring into the southeastern trough on 10/24/2020; c - lava gushing and its outpouring into the southeastern trough on 11/13/2020 d – continued outpouring of lava into the southeastern trough on November 21, 2020; e – increased outpouring of lava into the southeastern trough on December 6, 2020; e - outpouring of lava onto the south–southwestern slope of the volcano, the flow dropped to 3.7 thousand m on 12/24/2020, on the right – the extinct volcano Kamen; g – the descent of scorching avalanches into the southeastern trench on January 2, 2021; h - the outpouring of lava on the south–southwestern slope on January 4, 2021.

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7. Fig. 6. Side breakthrough named after G.S. Gorshkov (02/18/2021–03/20/2021), located at an altitude of 2,800 m on the northwestern slope of Klyuchevskoy volcano. Photo by Yu.V. Demyanchuk.

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