Paleoseismicity along Adyr faults (on example of Kokonadyr-Tegerek fault in South-Western Issyk-Kul lake region, Tien Shan)

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Abstract

We have studied paleoseismicity along a zone of the Kokonadyr-Tegerek adyr (foothill) fault in SW Issyk-Kul Lake region. It was shown that, although seismic movements continue along a zone of the tectonic contact of Paleozoic rocks of the Kokonadyr-Tegerek uplift and Quaternary deposits of the Alabash-Konurolyong depression, main number of appearance of seismogenic ruptures in the surface shift southward on hundreds of meters from the adyr fault mentioned above. This process leads to a formation of multiple fault scarps and compensation grabens in their back parts. According to data of radiocarbon dating along the Kokonadyr-Tegerek fault zone there were 4 strong Holocene earthquakes occurred during time intervals: 1771–1785 AD, 1440–1515 AD, and also possibly in 2310–745 BC and 640–5300 BC. Judging by parameters of the fault scarps their magnitudes were M ≥ 7, and seismic intensity I0≥ IX. Strong seismic activity along the Kokonadyr-Tegerek fault zone continues at least from Mid-Pleistocene. Evidences of this statement are uplifted and abandoned river valley of that time in the uplift with the same name as well as significant accumulation of the lacustrine sediments in northern part of the Alabash-Konurolyong depression. Large thickness of the sediments is tied with glaciers melting in the northern slope of the Terskey Ala-Too Range, and abandoned valleys testify on significant tectonic damming. Most proper model explaining formation of the adyrs (foothills) in the southern part of the Issyk-Kul Depression is a model of a gently dipping main fault flattening out northward, which is complicated by the underthrusts. All obtained data can be used at compilation of a new Map of Seismic Hazard of Kyrgyz Republic.

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About the authors

A. M. Korzhenkov

O.Yu. Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth RAS; Institute of Communications and Information Technologies KRSU

Author for correspondence.
Email: korzhenkov@ifz.ru
Russian Federation, Bol’shaya Gruzinskaya str. 10, Moscow, 123242; Kievskaya str. 44, Bishkek,720000 Kyrgyzstan

S. V. Abdieva

Institute of Communications and Information Technologies KRSU

Email: elma-kg@mail.ru
Kyrgyzstan, Kievskaya str. 44, Bishkek,720000

A. S. Gladkov

Institute of the Earth Crusts SB RAS

Email: gladkov@crust.irk.ru
Russian Federation, Lermontova str. 128, Irkutsk, 664033

E. V. Deev

A.A. Trofimuk Institute of the Oil-Gas Geology and Geophysics SB RAS; Geological and Geographical Department NSU

Email: deevev@ngs.ru
Russian Federation, Academician Koptyug Ave. 3, Novosibirsk, 630090; Pirogova str. 1, Novosibirsk, 630090 

Ts. Liu

Geological Institute of China Seismological Survey

Email: deevev@ngs.ru
China, Khuayan’li, 1, Beijing, Chaoyan Region, 100029

J. V. Mazeika

Nature Research Centre

Email: mazeika@geo.lt
Lithuania, Akademijos str. 2, Vilnius, LT-08412

E. A. Rogozhin

O.Yu. Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth RAS

Email: rodkin@mitp.ru
Russian Federation, Bol’shaya Gruzinskaya str. 10, Moscow, 123242

M. V. Rodkin

Institute of Theory of the Earthquake Forecast and Mathematical Geophysics RAS; Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics FEB RAS; Institute of Problems of the Oil and Gas RAS

Email: rodkin@mitp.ru
Russian Federation, Profsoyuznaya str. 84/32, Moscow, 117997; Nauki str. 1B, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, 693022; Gubkina str. 3, Moscow, 119333 

A. A. Sorokin

O.Yu. Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth RAS

Email: rodkin@mitp.ru
Russian Federation, Bol’shaya Gruzinskaya str. 10, Moscow, 123242

I. V. Turova

A.A. Trofimuk Institute of the Oil-Gas Geology and Geophysics SB RAS; Geological and Geographical Department NSU

Email: irinka.turova@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, Academician Koptyug Ave. 3, Novosibirsk, 630090; Pirogova str. 1, Novosibirsk, 630090 

A. B. Fortuna

Institute of Communications and Information Technologies KRSU

Email: irinka.turova@yandex.ru
Kyrgyzstan, Kievskaya str. 44, Bishkek,720000

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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. Topographic map of the Issyk-Kul basin. The investigated section of the Alabash-Konguroleong depression is marked with a rectangle. The circles show the epicenters of strong (Мs ≥ 6.5) earthquakes; the year of the seismic event was signed nearby, according to [Dzhanuzakov et al., 2003]. All the epicenters of known, sufficiently strong earthquakes, in which seismic foci emerge to the surface, are concentrated to the north or east of the lake bath.

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3. Fig. 2. Geological map (a) to the area of ​​the Alabash-Konguroleng depression and its mountainous margin and section (b) along the line A – B, according to [Pomazkov, 1968] with changes and additions. 1 - Paleozoic rocks, 2 - Paleogene sediments, 3 - Neogene sediments, 4 - Quaternary sediments, 5 - water area of ​​Lake Issyk-Kul, 6 - active faults (a - identified, b - assumed, triangles on the map show the direction of the fault plane falling, 7 - roads and settlements. Abbreviations on the map: KTR - Kokonadyr-Tegereksky fault, PTR - Prestersky fault. The vertical and horizontal scales in the section are the same.

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4. Fig. 3. Topographic map of the Alabash-Konguroleng depression. The size of each cell is 4 × 4 km. In squares, the studied sections of seismic stoops are indicated in Latin numbers.

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5. Fig. 4. The modern antecedent site of the river. Akterek is a water gap for most of the rivers of the Alabash-Konguroleong depression. A view to the north east of section II, see fig. 3. Photo of 1984. Hereinafter photo of A.M. Korzhenkova.

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6. Fig. 5. Lowering in the relief - the wind gap of Duvan through the Kokonadyr-Tegerek uplift. In the background is the Terskey Ala-Too Range, covered with glaciers and snowfields. View south west of section II, see fig. 3.

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7. Fig. 6. Lake deposits in the quarry north of the village of Toguz-Bulak. a - general view of the sand pit south of the Kokonadyr-Tegerek fault (shown by arrows), view to the north; b - the lens of coarse sand and wood (surrounded by a dashed line) surrounded by sorted medium and fine-grained layered sand, there is also a fragment of weathered light granite in the lens, similar lenses are evidence of either iceberg spacing or transfer of pack ice in frozen state; c - a separate granite block in the interbedded sands of the Toguzbulak quarry, its delivery from the demolition source in the Terskey Ala-Too ridge to the Kokonadyr-Tegerek mountains is possible only with the help of floating ice.

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8. Fig. 7. An abandoned quarry at the southern foot of the Kokonadyr-Tegereksky uplift north of the village of Keksay. In well-sorted horizontally interbedded layers of sand and wood, there is a block of white granite, brought here by an iceberg or pack ice from the Terskey Ala-Too ridge. and - a general view of the quarry and adyr raising in the background; b - a fragment of a quarry, a view of the NE.

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9. Fig. 8. Seismic strips along the southern foot of the Kokonadyr-Tegerek uplift. and - a ledge along the foot of the Tegerek mountains (west view, young people are standing on the rear seam and the edge of the ledge, east of section I, see Fig. 3); b - a seismic probe along the southern foot of the Duvan Mountains, in the central part of the Alabash-Kongurleng depression, a lady in a hat stands at the rear seam of the ledge, two men - at the edge, view to the west, section II, see Fig. 3; c - a horst (anticline?), expressed on both sides by a ledge of a few meters, 1.5 km north of the village of Keksai, a view of the SW + elevated fault wing is omitted (hereinafter: thick black lines are drawn along the foot of the seismic faults, arrows also show the exits active faults to the surface, section III, see Fig. 3); d - a seismic probe in the eastern part of the Alabash-Konguroleong depression north of the village of Temirkanat, running along the Kokonadyr-Tegerek Adyr fault zone, view to the north, section IV, see Fig. 3.

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10. Fig. 9. Schematic out-of-scope sketches of the foothill thrust zone. From the main thrust plane in the north (shown by a double bold line) separating the Paleozoic rocks of the mountains of the Kokonadyr-Tegerek uplift and the Quaternary sediments of the Alabash-Konguroleng depression, additional additional planes branch out (shown by a dashed line), which tear the proluvial (Quaternary) deposits of the merged outflow cones , Duvan, Kokonadir, Akbakshi with the formation of seismic stoops. a - section I, see Fig. 3; b - section II, see fig. 3; c - section III, see fig. 3; d - section IV, see fig. 3.

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11. Fig. 10. A section of the western wall of a dry say, dissecting a seismogenic ledge in the northern side of the Alabash-Kongurolenskaya Depression, according to [Deev et al., 2016], section I in Fig. 3. 1–7 - proluvial layers: 1 - the largest boulders, breaks and blocks, 2 - breaks, 3 - boulders, 4 - rubble (a - large, b - small), 5 - wood, 6 - gravel, 7 - sand; 8 - sandy loam; 9 - modern humus poor mountain soil; 10 - faults.

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12. Fig. 11. The study of seismic dislocations at the southern foot of the mountains of Duvan. A trench passed through the frontal part of the seismic probe, eastern wall, section II, see Fig. 3.1 - modern soil and paleosol, 2 - clay, 3 - coarse sand with sandy loam and gravel, 4 - sandy loam, 5 - massive loamy loam, 6 - puttum, 7 - gaps, 8 - direction of displacement along gaps, 9 - non-rounded granite crushed stone, 10 - places of sampling for radiocarbon analysis, their calibrated age is indicated in the rectangles.

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13. Fig. 12. Compensation graben in the rear of the thrust seismic probe south of the mountains of Duvan. and - a satellite image, which shows the trail of the tail of a huge dragon with a length of about 1 km (shown by arrows), section II, see Fig. 3. At the top (in the north) are the mountains of Duvan, which make up the Kokonadyr-Tegerek adyr uplift. Below (in the south) - meanders of the river. Karasu. The thick black line is the Kokonadyr-Tegereksky adyr fault, the black line to the north of it is the right reverse fault (black arrows indicate the direction of displacement), the other black line to the south is the seismic fault. + Is the thrown wing of the fault, - is the lowered wing, su is the trench passed through the seismic probe (see Fig. 11), kg is the trench passed through the central part of the compensation graben (see Fig. 12c), w is the pit passed in compensation graben (see Fig. 13); b - a photograph of a graben in its western part, a view of the SWW, the bottom of the graben is shown by arrows, the dotted line is the initial surface of the proluvial drift cone; c - a trench passed through the central part of the compensation graben south of the Duvan mountains, eastern wall, legend, see fig. eleven.

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14. Fig. 13. A pit in the western part of the compensation graben, western wall, section II, see Fig. 3. Symbols, see Fig. eleven.

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15. Fig. 14. The zone of the Kokonadyr-Tegereksky fault in the area of ​​the descent of the old highway from the tract of Duvan down to the southeast, to the Alabash-Konuroleong depression, section II, see Fig. 3. а - a close view of the fault in the clearing on the right (western) slope of the dry sai valley: the pushing of coarse clastic proluvial deposits (from the north) onto sorted sands and deresa; b - drawing of the fault zone shown in Fig. 14a, coarse proluvial-colluvial deposits (d) are thrown into finer differences: coarse sand with gravel (a), medium-grained sand (b), gres (c); c - the zone of the Kokonadyr-Tegerek fault is indicated by white arrows, the black arrows mark one of the right-shift zones displacing the Kokonadir-Tegere uplift, a view of the GCC.

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16. Fig. 15. Kokonadyr-Tegereksky fault zone in the area of an abandoned sand pit north of the village of Keksai, plot III, see Fig. 3. а - thrust of colluvial-deluvial deposits (in the north) onto sorted, interbedded strata of sands and deresy, the eastern wall of dry sai, view of the BC; b - a general view of the mountain front of the Kokonadyr-Tegerek uplift, the white arrows indicate the zones of the same fault: black arrows show the uplifted deposits of the sand pit, an arrow with a circle shows the outcrop in Fig. 15a), view of CERs.

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17. Fig. 16. The model of the main fault located to the north, explaining the features of the newest structures of the South Prissykkul, according to [Burgette, 2008] with changes and additions.

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