Obesity as a medical and social problem

Cover Page

Cite item

Full Text

Open Access Open Access
Restricted Access Access granted
Restricted Access Subscription or Fee Access

Abstract

The article is a brief review of the relevant scientific literature published in the PubMed database in 2004–2024 on the epidemiology, etiology, treatment and prevention of obesity. The description of the key risk factors for the development of obesity is given, among them genetic factors, family history, psychological causes, and anesthetic marketing. The data on modern approaches to the treatment of obesity, including adherence to a low-calorie diet, adequate physical activity, taking medications that reduce appetite, enhance the feeling of satiety and increase fat metabolism, are presented. It is noted that it is necessary to implement measures that lie outside the competence of medical organizations, such as ensuring the availability of healthy food and limiting the availability of fast food, changing the formulation of high-calorie products, labeling products and educating the population.

Full Text

Restricted Access

About the authors

K. R. Amlaev

Stavropol State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia; Bukhara State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali ibn Sino, Ministry of Health of Uzbekistan

Author for correspondence.
Email: kum672002@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6576-4720

Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor

 

Stavropol Krai, Stavropol; Bukhara, Uzbekistan

M. A. Atoyeva

Bukhara State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali ibn Sino, Ministry of Health of Uzbekistan

Email: kum672002@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9906-7595

Cand. Sci. (Med.), Assistant Professor

Uzbekistan, Bukhara

G. Zh. Zharilkasynova

Bukhara State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali ibn Sino, Ministry of Health of Uzbekistan

Email: kum672002@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9374-3887

Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor

Uzbekistan, Bukhara

References

  1. Lin X., Li H. Obesity: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutics. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021; 12: 706978. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.706978
  2. Poirier P., Giles T.D., Bray G.A. et al. Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Effect of Weight Loss. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006; 26 (5): 968–76. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000216787. 85457.f3
  3. Løvsletten O., Jacobsen B.K., Grimsgaard S. et al. Prevalence of General and Abdominal Obesity in 2015-2016 and 8-Year Longitudinal Weight and Waist Circumference Changes in Adults and Elderly: The Tromsø Study. BMJ Open. 2020; 10 (11): e038465. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038465
  4. Ataey A., Jafarvand E., Adham D. The Relationship Between Obesity, Overweight, and the Human Development Index in World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region Countries. J Prev Med Public Health. 2020; 53 (2): 98–105. doi: 10.3961/jpmph.19.100
  5. Al Kibria G.M. Prevalence and Factors Affecting Underweight, Overweight and Obesity Using Asian and World Health Organization Cutoffs Among Adults in Nepal: Analysis of the Demographic and Health Survey 2016. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2019; 13 (2): 129–36. doi: 10.1016/j.orcp.2019.01.006
  6. Mbogori T., Kimmel K., Zhang M. et al. Nutrition Transition and Double Burden of Malnutrition in Africa: A Case Study of Four Selected Countries With Different Social Economic Development. AIMS Public Health. 2020; 7: 425–39. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2020035
  7. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide Trends in Body-Mass Index, Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity from 1975 to 2016: A Pooled Analysis of 2416 Population-Based Measurement Studies in 128·9 Million Children, Adolescents, and Adults. Lancet. 2017; 390 (10113): 2627–42. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32129-3
  8. Chen Y., Peng Q., Yang Y. et al. The Prevalence and Increasing Trends of Overweight, General Obesity, and Abdominal Obesity Among Chinese Adults: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Public Health. 2019; 19 (1): 1293. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-7633-0
  9. Swinburn B.A., Sacks G., Hall K.D., et al. The Global Obesity Pandemic: Shaped by Global Drivers and Local Environments. Lancet. 2011; 378 (9793): 804–14. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60813-1
  10. Bray G.A., Kim K.K., Wilding J.P.H., World Obesity F. Obesity: A chronic relapsing progressive disease process. A position statement of the World Obesity Federation. Obes Rev. 2017; 18: 715–23. doi: 10.1111/obr.12551
  11. Singh G.M., Danaei G., Farzadfar F. et al. The age-specific quantitative effects of metabolic risk factors on cardiovascular diseases and diabetes: A pooled analysis. PLoS One. 2013; 8: e65174. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065174
  12. Anandacoomarasamy A., Caterson I., Sambrook P. et al. The impact of obesity on the musculoskeletal system. Int J Obes. 2008; 32: 211–22. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803715
  13. Doerstling S.S., O’Flanagan C.H., Hursting S.D. Obesity and Cancer Metabolism: A Perspective on Interacting Tumor-Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors. Front Oncol. 2017; 7: 216. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00216
  14. Luchsinger J.A., Cheng D., Tang M.X. et al. Central obesity in the elderly is related to late-onset Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2012; 26: 101–5. doi: 10.1097/WAD.0b013e318222f0d4
  15. Jantaratnotai N., Mosikanon K., Lee Y. et al. The interface of depression and obesity. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2017; 11: 1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.orcp.2016.07.003
  16. Lee S.J., Shin S.W. Mechanisms, Pathophysiology, and Management of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2017; 376 (15): 1491–2. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1701944
  17. Singh R.K., Kumar P., Mahalingam K. Molecular Genetics of Human Obesity: A Comprehensive Review. C R Biol. 2017; 340 (2): 87–108. doi: 10.1016/j.crvi.2016.11.007
  18. Yoo S. Dynamic Energy Balance and Obesity Prevention. J Obes Metab Syndr. 2018; 27 (4): 203–12. doi: 10.7570/jomes.2018.27.4.203
  19. Obri A., Claret M. The Role of Epigenetics in Hypothalamic Energy Balance Control: Implications for Obesity. Cell Stress. 2019; 3 (7): 208–20. doi: 10.15698/cst2019.07.191
  20. Sadeghirad B., Duhaney T., Motaghipisheh S. et al. Influence of Unhealthy Food and Beverage Marketing on Children's Dietary Intake and Preference: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. Obes Rev. 2016; 17 (10): 945–59. doi: 10.1111/obr.12445
  21. Fitzgerald M.P., Hennigan K., O'Gorman C.S. Obesity, Diet and Lifestyle in 9-Year-Old Children With Parentally Reported Chronic Diseases: Findings From the Growing Up in Ireland Longitudinal Child Cohort Study. Ir J Med Sci. 2019; 188 (1): 29–34. doi: 10.1007/s11845-018-1814-1
  22. Romero-Ibarguengoitia M.E., Vadillo-Ortega F., Caballero A.E. et al. Family History and Obesity in Youth, Their Effect on Acylcarnitine/Aminoacids Metabolomics and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Structural Equation Modeling Approach. PloS One. 2018; 13 (2): e0193138. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193138
  23. Corica D., Aversa T., Valenzise M. et al. Does Family History of Obesity, Cardiovascular, and Metabolic Diseases Influence Onset and Severity of Childhood Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018; 9: 187. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00187.
  24. Wu Y., Duan H., Tian X. et al. Genetics of Obesity Traits: A Bivariate Genome-Wide Association Analysis. Front Genet. 2018; 9: 179. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00179
  25. Koochakpour G., Esfandiar Z., Hosseini-Esfahani F. et al. Evaluating the Interaction of Common FTO Genetic Variants, Added Sugar, and Trans-Fatty Acid Intakes in Altering Obesity Phenotypes. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2019; 29 (5): 474–80. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.01.005
  26. Martins M.C., Trujillo J., Freitas-Vilela A.A. et al. Associations Between Obesity Candidate Gene Polymorphisms (Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated (FTO), Melanocortin-4 Receptor (MC4R), Leptin (LEP) and Leptin Receptor (LEPR)) and Dietary Intake in Pregnant Women. Br J Nutr. 2018; 120 (4): 454–63. doi: 10.1017/S0007114518001423
  27. Muller T.D., Nogueiras R., Andermann M.L. et al. Ghrelin. Mol Metab. 2015; 4 (6): 437–460. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.03.005
  28. Makaronidis J.M., Batterham R.L. Obesity body weight regulation the brain: Insights from, fMRI. Br J Radiol. 2018; 91: 20170910. doi: 10.1259/bjr.20170910
  29. Manning S., Batterham R.L. The role of gut hormone peptide YY in energy and glucose homeostasis: Twelve years on. Annu Rev Physiol. 2014; 76: 585–608. doi: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021113-170404
  30. Camilleri M. Peripheral mechanisms in appetite regulation. Gastroenterology. 2015; 148: 1219–33. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.09.016
  31. Tack C.J., Stienstra R., Joosten L.A., et al. Inflammation links excess fat to insulin resistance: The role of the interleukin-1 family. Immunol Rev. 2012; 249: 239–52. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2012.01145
  32. Jawaldeh A.A., Al-Jawaldeh H. Fat Intake Reduction Strategies among Children and Adults to Eliminate Obesity and Non-Communicable Diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Children (Basel). 2018; 5 (7): 89. doi: 10.3390/children5070089
  33. Gao R., Zhu C., Li H. et al. Dysbiosis Signatures of Gut Microbiota Along the Sequence from Healthy, Young Patients to Those with Overweight and Obesity. Obes (Silver Spring). 2018; 26 (2): 351–61. doi: 10.1002/oby.22088
  34. Guidelines (2013) for Managing Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Preface to the Expert Panel Report (Comprehensive Version Which Includes Systematic Evidence Review, Evidence Statements, and Recommendations). Obes (Silver Spring). 2014; 22 (Suppl 2): S40. doi: 10.1002/oby.20822
  35. Tchang B.G., Saunders K.H., Igel L.I. Best Practices in the Management of Overweight and Obesity. Med Clin N Am. 2021; 105: 149–74. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2020.08.018
  36. Lee E.Y., Yoon K.H. Epidemic Obesity in Children and Adolescents: Risk Factors and Prevention. Front Med. 2018; 12 (6):658–66. doi: 10.1007/s11684-018-0640-1
  37. Nguyen B., Clements J. Obesity Management Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetes: A Focus on Lifestyle Modifications and Evidence of Antiobesity Medications. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2017; 12 (5): 303–13. doi: 10.1080/17446651.2017.1367285
  38. Executive summary: Guidelines (2013) for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Obesity Society published by the Obesity Society and American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Based on a systematic review from the The Obesity Expert Panel, 2013. Obesity. 2014; 22: S5–S39. doi: 10.1002/oby.20821
  39. Mattson M.P., Longo V.D., Harvie M. Impact of intermittent fasting on health and disease processes. Ageing Res Rev. 2017; 39: 46–58. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.10.005
  40. St-Onge M.P., Ard J., Baskin M.L. et al. On behalf of the American Heart Association Obesity Committee of the Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health. Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young. Council on Clinical Cardiology. Meal Timing and Frequency: Implications for Cardiovasculуr Disease Prevention: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017; 135: e96–e121. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000476
  41. Swift D.L., McGee J.E., Earnest C.P. et al. The Effects of Exercise and Physical Activity on Weight Loss and Maintenance. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2018; 61: 206–13. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2018.07.014
  42. Mozaffarian D., Hao T., Rimm E.B. et al. Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men. N Engl J Med. 2011; 364 (25): 2392–404. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1014296
  43. Guerra J.V.S., Dias M.M.G., Brilhante A.J.V.C. Multifactorial Basis and Therapeutic Strategies in Metabolism-Related Diseases. Nutrients. 2021; 13 (8): 2830. doi: 10.3390/nu13082830
  44. Lal A., Mantilla-Herrera A.M., Veerman L. et al. Correction: Modelled Health Benefits of a Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax Across Different Socioeconomic Groups in Australia: A Cost-Effectiveness and Equity Analysis. PloS Med. 2020; 17 (7): e1003310. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003310
  45. Kaldor J.C. Food Reformulation for NCD-Prevention: Regulatory Options and Potential Barriers. QUT Law Rev. 2018; 18: 76. doi: 10.5204/qutlr. v18i1.729
  46. Shangguan S., Afshin A., Shulkin M. et al. A meta-analysis of food labeling effects on consumer diet behaviors and industry practices. Am J Prev Med. 2018; 56: 300–14. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.09.024
  47. Jakicic J.M., Rogers R.J., Davis K.K. Role of Physical Activity and Exercise in Treating Patients with Overweight and Obesity. Clin Chem. 2018; 64: 99–107. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2017.272443
  48. Telles S., Gangadhar B.N., Chandwani K.D. Lifestyle Modification in the Prevention and Management of Obesity. J Obes. 2016; 2016: 5818601. doi: 10.1155/2016/5818601
  49. Greenway F.L., Aronne L.J., Raben A. et al. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Gelesis100: A Novel Nonsystemic Oral Hydrogel for Weight Loss. Obes (Silver Spring). 2019; 27: 205–16. doi: 10.1002/oby.22347
  50. Gomez G., Stanford F.C. US Health Policy and Prescription Drug Coverage of FDA-Approved Medications for the Treatment of Obesity. Int J Obes (Lond). 2018; 42 (3): 495–500. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2017.287
  51. Rebello C.J., Greenway F.L. Obesity Medications in Development. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2020; 29: 63–71. doi: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1705277
  52. Yeo G., Chao D., Siegert A.M. et al. The Melanocortin Pathway and Energy Homeostasis: From Discovery to Obesity Therapy. Mol Metab. 2021; 48: 101206. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101206
  53. Le Roux C.W., Heneghan H.M. Bariatric Surgery for Obesity. Med Clin N Am. 2018; 102: 165–82. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.011
  54. Kops N.L., Vivan M.A., Fülber E.R. et al. Preoperative Binge Eating and Weight Loss After Bariatric Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Obes Surg. 2020; 31 (3): 1239–48. doi: 10.1007/s11695-020-05124-9

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

Copyright (c) 2024 Russkiy Vrach Publishing House