Newborn low birth weight: Combined impact of glutathione-S-transferase gene polymorphisms and prenatal exposure to cadmium and lead


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Abstract

Background. Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are toxic metals and may have effects on babies’ birth weight. Glutathione-S-transferases (GST) are involved in the detoxification of many heavy metals by glutathione conjugation. Objective. To reveal a relationship between prenatal Pb and Cd exposure, GST Ml (GSTM1) and GST T1 (GSTT1) gene deletions, and newborn birth weight. Subject and methods. The population-based cross-sectional study included 166 puerperas randomly selected from a population of Chita pregnant women. The inclusion criteria were age of 20 to 40 years and at least 5-year residence in the region. Women with fetal malformations, multiple pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, or preeclampsia/eclampsia were not included in the study. The urinary concentrations of Pb and Cd in the mother-infant pairs were tested using atomic absorption spectrometry. Commercial PCR test systems (Research-and-Production Association “DNA-Technology”, Russia) were used to determine the genotypes of GST(GSTM1 and GSTT1). Results. Birth weight was found to be inversely correlated with urinary Cd and Pb levels in the puerperas and neonatal infants in both the absence of and the presence of GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene deletion (p < 0.0001) and in the presence of concomitant variants of the latter. The groups with lower and higher Cd and Pb levels showed no significant difference in neonatal body weight in relation to GSTM1 gene deletion whereas GSTT1 gene deletion was associated with a considerable decrease in the weight of infants who were more exposed to Cd and Pb. Conclusion. Prenatal exposure to Pb and Cd may have impact on a newborn baby’s weight in relation to the presence of GSTT1 gene deletion.

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About the authors

Elena Victorovna Kazantseva

Chita State Medical Academy

Email: kalevi@yandex.ru
MD, PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Nataliya Vitalievna Dolgushina

Academician V.I. Kulakov Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia

Email: n_dolgushina@oparina4.ru
MD, PhD, MPH, Head of R&D Department

Andrey Evgenievich Donnikov

Academician V.I. Kulakov Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia

Email: a_donnikov@oparina4.ru
MD, PhD, Senior Researcher of Molecular-Genetic Laboratory

Elena Eugenievna Baranova

Academician V.I. Kulakov Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia

Email: baranova.gen@gmail.com
MD, Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics

Ludmila Victorovna Pivovarova

Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Trans-Baikal Territory

Email: kirrangel@yandex.ru
PhD, Head of Sanitary & Hygienic Research Laboratory

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