The abilities of vitamin and mineral supplements during the COVID-19 pandemic


Cite item

Full Text

Open Access Open Access
Restricted Access Access granted
Restricted Access Subscription or Fee Access

Abstract

The insufficient provision of micronutrients (vitamins A, D, E, C, and B-group, the minerals zinc, iron, selenium, magnesium, copper, and phosphorus) weakens the immune response, which can increase the risk of infection, contribute to disease severity and COVID-19 complications. The population of Russia, both adults and children, has deficiencies of multiple micronutrients (vitamins D, B-group, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and iodine), their simultaneous deficiency is experienced by about one third of the surveyed population. The micronutrients in the body are interconnected to form metabolic networks. A lack of one or more vitamins can disrupt the conversion of other vitamins to their biologically active forms, causing a functional vitamin deficiency. The percentage of vitamins and minerals in the diet of the population is a modifiable risk factor for infectious diseases. This implies replenishing the insufficient dietary intake of micronutrients not only to cover the needs of the body, but also to achieve their optimal provision. We are not dealing with therapy with and use of vitamins in pharmacological dosages. The intake of multivitamins provides protection against COVID-19, a decrease in the severity of the disease, a reduction in the manifestations of post-COVID sequels, and an increase in the efficiency of vaccination. Optimization of the vitamin status in all population groups through the intake of vitamin and mineral supplements (VMS) containing a complete set of vitamins and immunotropic elements is an underestimated important preventive factor in protecting from viral infections. Conclusion: The relevance of taking VMS in pregnancy and lactation during the pandemic is becoming even more important. During the pandemic, the use of VMS by pregnant and lactating women will not only improve their own micronutrient status and subsequently optimize the percentage of vitamins and minerals in breast milk, and thus the micronutrient status of the baby, but will also contribute to the body's resistance to disease.

Full Text

Restricted Access

About the authors

Vera M. Kodentsova

Federal Research Center for Nutrition and Biotechnology

Dr. Dio. Sci., Professor, Chief Researcher at the Laboratory of Vitamins and Minerals

Dmitry V. Risnik

M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: biant3@mail.ru
PhD (Bio), Leading Researcher, Faculty of Biology

Stanislav V. Pavlovich

Academician V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia

PhD, Associate Professor, Scientific Secretary

Vladimir A. Klimov

Academician V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia

Email: va_klimov@oparina4.ru
PhD, Head of the Service for the Organization of Medical Care and Information Service

Olga B. Ladodo

Academician V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia

Email: o_ladodo@oparina4.ru
PhD, Head of the National Coordinating Center for Breastfeeding Support

References

  1. Shakoor H., Feehan J., Al Dhaher A.S., Ali H.I., Platat C., Ismail L.C. et al. Immune-boosting role of vitamins D., C., E., zinc, selenium and omega-3 fatty acids: Could they help against COVID-19? Maturitas. 2021; 143: 1-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.08.003.
  2. Berger M.M., Herter-Aeberli I., Zimmermann M.B., Spieldenner J., Eggersdorfer M. Strengthening the immunity of the Swiss population with micronutrients: A narrative review and call for action. Clin. Nutr. ESPEN. 2021; 43: 39-48. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.03.012.
  3. DiNicolantonio J.J., O’Keefe J.H. Magnesium and vitamin D. deficiency as a potential cause of immune dysfunction, cytokine storm and disseminated intravascular coagulation in COVID-19 patients. Mo Med. 2021; 118(1): 68-73.
  4. Alexander J., Tinkov A., Strand T.A., Alehagen U., Skalny A., Aaseth J. Early nutritional interventions with zinc, selenium and vitamin D. for raising antiviral resistance against progressive COVID-19. Nutrients. 2020; 12(8): 2358. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12082358.
  5. Gombart A.F., Pierre A., Maggini S. A review of micronutrients and the immune system-working in harmony to reduce the risk of infection. Nutrients. 2020; 12(1): 236. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12010236.
  6. Орлова С.В., Никитина Е.А., Прокопенко Е.В., Водолазкая А.Н., Татаринов В.В., Пигарёва Ю.А. Роль витаминов и минералов в нутритивной поддержке иммунитета при COVID-19. Медицинский алфавит. 2021; 21: 12-21. https://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2021-21-12-21.
  7. Mitra S., Paul S., Roy S., Sutradhar H., Bin Emran T., Nainu F. et al. Exploring the immune-boosting functions of vitamins and minerals as nutritional food bioactive compounds: A comprehensive review. Molecules. 2022; 27(2): 555. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020555.
  8. Taheri S., Asadi S., Nilashi M., Abumalloh R.A., Ghabban N.M., Yusuf S.Y.M. et al. A literature review on beneficial role of vitamins and trace elements: Evidence from published clinical studies J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 2021; 67: 126789. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126789.
  9. Asl S.H., Nikfarjam S., Zolbanin N.M., Nassiri R., Jafari R. Immunopharmacological perspective on zinc in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2021; 96: 107630. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107630.
  10. Charoenngam N., Shirvani A., Holick M.F. Vitamin D. and its potential benefit for the COVID-19 pandemic. Endocr. Pract. 2021; 27(5): 484-93. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eprac.2021.03.006.
  11. Speakm L.L., Michienzi S.M., Badowski M.E. Vitamins, supplements and COVID-19: a review of currently available evidence. Drugs Context. 2021; 10: 2021-6-2. https://dx.doi.org/10.7573/dic.2021-6-2.
  12. Louca P., Murray B., Klaser K., Graham M.S., Mazidi M., Leeming E.R. Modest effects of dietary supplements during the COVID-19 pandemic: insights from 445,850 users of the COVID symptom study app. BMJ Nutr. Prev. Health. 2021; 4(1): 149-57. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000250.
  13. Abioye A.I., Bromage S., Fawzi W. Effect of micronutrient supplements on influenza and other respiratory tract infections among adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Glob. Health. 2021; 6(1): e003176. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003176.
  14. Beigmohammadi M.T., Bitarafan S., Abdollahi A., Amoozadeh L., Salahshour F., Soltani D., Motallebnejad Z.A. The association between serum levels of micronutrients and the severity of disease in patients with COVID-19. Nutrition. 2021; 91-92: 111400. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2021.111400.
  15. van Kempen T.A.T.G., Deixler E. SARS-CoV-2: influence of phosphate and magnesium, moderated by vitamin D., on energy (ATP) metabolism and on severity of COVID-19. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2021; 320(1): E2-E6. https://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00474.2020.
  16. Pecora F., Persico F., Argentiero A., Neglia C., Esposito S. The role of micronutrients in support of the immune response against viral infections. Nutrients. 2020; 12(10): 3198. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12103198.
  17. Еремкина А.К., Мокрытева Н.Г., Пигарова Е.А., Мирная С.С. Витамин D: влияние на течение и исходы беременности, развитие плода и здоровье детей в постнатальном периоде. Терапевтический Архив. 2018; 90(10): 115-27. [Eremkina A.K., Mokrysheva N.G., Pigarova E.A., Mirnaya S.S. Vitamin D: effects on pregnancy, maternal, fetal and postnatal outcomes. Therapeutic Archive. 2018; 90(10): 115-27. (in Russian)]. https://dx.doi.org/10.26442/terarkh20189010115-127.
  18. Зазерская И.Е., Дорофейков В.В., Хазова Е.Л., Беляева Е.Н., Новикова Т.В., Попова П.В., Гуркина Е.Ю. и др. Витамин D. и репродуктивное здоровье женщины. Руководство; Северо-Западный федеральный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В.А. Алмазова Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации. Санкт-Петербург: ООО «ЭкоВектор»; 2017. 151 с.
  19. Carr A.C., Maggini S. Vitamin C. and Immune Function. Nutrients. 2017; 9(11): pii: E1211. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu9111211.
  20. Коденцова В.М., Бекетова Н.А., Никитюк Д.Б., Тутельян В.А. Характеристика обеспеченности витаминами взрослого населения Российской Федерации. Профилактическая медицина. 2018; 21(4): 32-7. https://dx.doi.org/10.17116/profmed201821432.
  21. Шейбак Л.Н. Роль и значение цинка в перинатологии. Журнал Гродненского государственного медицинского университета. 2015; 2: 30-5.
  22. Лиманова О.А., Торшин И.Ю., Сардарян И.С., Калачева А.Г., Hababpashev A., Karpuchin D., Kudrin A., Юдина Н.В., Егорова Е.Ю., Белинская А.Ю., Гришина Т.Р., Громов А.Н., Федотова Л.Э., Рудаков К.В., Громова О.А. Обеспеченность микронутриентами и женское здоровье: интеллектуальный анализ клинико-эпидемиологических данных. Вопросы гинекологии, акушерства и перинатологии. 2014; 13(2): 5-15.
  23. Name J.J., Souza A.C.R., Vasconcelos A.R., Prado P.S., Pereira C.P.M. Zinc, Vitamin D. and Vitamin C: Perspectives for COVID-19 With a Focus on Physical Tissue Barrier Integrity. Front. Nutr. 2020; 7: 606398. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.606398.
  24. McBurney M.I., Blumberg J.B., Costello R.B., Eggersdorfer M., Erdman J.W., Harris W.S. et al. Beyond nutrient deficiency - opportunities to improve nutritional status and promote health modernizing DRIs and supplementation recommendations. Nutrients. 2021; 13(6): 1844. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13061844.
  25. Bischoff-Ferrari H. Vitamin D. - from essentiality to functionality. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 2012, 82(5): 321-6. https://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000126.
  26. Коденцова В.М., Рисник Д.В. Микронутриентные метаболические сети и множественный дефицит микронутриентов: обоснование преимуществ витаминно-минеральных комплексов. Микроэлементы в медицине. 2020; 21(4): 3-20. [Kodentsova V.M., Risnik D.V. Micronutrient metabolic networks and multiple micronutrient deficiency: a rationale for the advantages of vitamin-mineral supplements. Microelements in medicine. 2020. 21(4): 3-20 (in Russian)]. https://dx.doi.org/10.19112/2413-6174-2020-21-4.
  27. Коденцова В.М., Погожева А.В. Группы риска множественного дефицита витаминов и минеральных веществ среди населения. Клиническое питание и метаболизм. 2020; 1(3): 34-40. [Kodentsova V.M., Pogozheva A.V. Risk groups for multiple vitamin and mineral defi ciencies in the population. Clinical nutrition and metabolism. 2020; 1(3): 34-40. (in Russian)]. https://dx.doi.org/10.17816/clinutr48744.
  28. Коденцова В.М., Вржесинская О.А., Рисник Д.В., Никитюк Д.Б., Тутельян В.А. Обеспеченность населения России микронутриентами и возможности ее коррекции. Состояние проблемы. Вопросы питания. 2017; 86(4): 113-24. [Kodentsova V.M., Vrzhesinskaya O.A., Risnik D.V., Nikityuk D.B., Tutelyan V.A. Micronutrient status of population of the Russian Federation and possibility of its correction. State of the problem. Voprosy pitaniia/ Problems of Nutrition. 2017; 86(4): 113-24. (in Russian)]. https://dx.doi.org/10.24411/0042-8833-2017-00067.
  29. Simon M., Pizzorno J., Katzinger J. Modifiable risk factors for SARS-CoV-2. Integr. Med. (Encinitas). 2021; 20(5): 8-14.
  30. Ling V., Zabetakis I. The role of an anti-inflammatory diet in conjunction to COVID-19. Diseases. 2021; 9(4): 76. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diseases9040076.
  31. Тутельян В.А., Никитюк Д.Б., Бурляева Е.А., Хотимченко С.А., Батурин А.К., Стародубова А.В., Камбаров А.О., Шевелева С.А., Жилинская Н.В. COVID-19: новые вызовы для медицинской науки и практического здравоохранения. Вопросы питания. 2020; 89(3): 6-13. [Tutelyan V.A., Nikityuk D.B., Burlyaeva E.A., Khotimchenko S.A., Baturin A.K., Starodubova A.V., Kambarov A.O., Sheveleva S.A., Zhilinskaya N.V. COVID-19: new challenges for medical science and practical healthcare. Voprosy pitaniia/ Problems of Nutrition. 2020. 89(3): 6-13. (in Russian)]. https://dx.doi.org/10.24411/0042-8833-20.
  32. Calder P.C., Carr, A.C., Gombart A.F., Eggersdorfer M. Optimal nutritional status for a well-functioning immune system is an important factor to protect against viral infections. Nutrients. 2020; 12: 1181. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12041181.
  33. Rossato M.S., Brilli E., Ferri N., Giordano G., Tarantino G. Observational study on the benefit of a nutritional supplement, supporting immune function and energy metabolism, on chronic fatigue associated with the SARS-CoV-2 post-infection progress. Clin. Nutr. ESPEN. 2021; 46: 510-8. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.08.031.
  34. Lai Y.J., Chang H.S., Yang Y.P., Lin T.W., Lai W.Y., Lin Y.Y., Chang C.C. The role of micronutrient and immunomodulation effect in the vaccine era of COVID-19. J. Chin. Med. Assoc. 2021; 84(9): 821-6. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000587.
  35. Torshin I.Y., Gromova O.A., Chuchalin A.G. Computational systematics of nutritional support of vaccination against Viral and Bacterial Pathogens as Prolegomena to Vaccinations against COVID-19. J. Clin. Trials. 2021; 11: 478. https://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2021.09.10.21263398.
  36. Mate A., Reyes-Goya C., Santana-Garrido A., Sobrevia L., Vazquez C.M. Impact of maternal nutrition in viral infections during pregnancy. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. Mol. Basis Dis. 202; 1867(11): 166231. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166231.
  37. Nawsherwan S.K., Falak Z.E.B., Shoaib M.G.N., Ijaz U.L., Kang X.U., Hui L.I. Selected micronutrients: an option to boost immunity against covid-19 and prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women: a narrative review. Iran. J. Public Health. 2020; 49(11): 2032-43. https://dx.doi.ois/10.18502/ijph.v49i11.4717.
  38. Sinaci S., Ocal D.F., Yetiskin D.F.Y., Hendem D.U., Buyuk G.N., Ayhan S.G. et al. Impact of vitamin D. on the course of COVID-19 during pregnancy: A case control study. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2021; 213: 105964. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105964.
  39. Бекетова Н.А., Сокольников А.А., Коденцова В.М., Переверзева О.Г., Вржесинская О.А., Кошелева О.В., Гмошинская М.В. Витаминный статус беременных женщин-москвичек: влияние приема витаминно-минеральных комплексов. Вопросы питания. 2016; 85(5): 77-85.
  40. Коденцова В.М., Рисник Д.В., Павлович С.В., Ладодо О.Б. Оптимизация обеспеченности микронутриентами кормящих женщин и новорожденных на исключительно грудном вскармливании посредством обогащения рациона женщины. Гинекология. 2021; 23(3): 222-30. [Kodentsova V.M., Risnik D.V., Pavlovich S.V., Ladodo O.B. Optimization of the micronutrients sufficiency of feeding women and children on exclusively breastfeeding by enriching of the woman diet. Gynecology. 2021; 23(3): 222-30. (in Russian)]. https://dx.doi.org/10.26442/20795696.2021.3.20087.
  41. Громова О.А., Торшин И.Ю., Тетруашвили Н.К., Баранов И.И., Городнова Е.А., Коденцова В.М., Коган И.Ю., Тапильская Н.И., Ярмолинская М.И., Башмакова Н.В., Мозговая Е.В., Гришина Т.Р., Лапочкина Н.П., Галустян А.Н. О перспективах использования витаминов и минералов в профилактике ранних потерь беременности. Акушерство и гинекология. 2021; 4: 12-22. https://dx.doi.org/10.18565/aig.2021.4.12-22.
  42. Коденцова В.М., Рисник Д.В. Мультимикронутриентные комплексы в питании беременных женщин: критический разбор результатов исследований. Медицинский алфавит. 2021; 21: 68-74. https://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2021-21-68-74.
  43. Макарова С.Г., Коденцова В.М., Ладодо О.Б., Продеус А.П., Басаргина М.А., Буцкая Т.В., Ясаков Д.С. Микронутриентный статус беременной женщины: риски, связанные с дефицитом и методы коррекции. Акушерство и гинекология. 2020; 5: 156-64. [Makarova S.G., Kodentsova V.M., Ladodo O.B., Prodeus A. P., Basargina M.A., Butskaya T.V., Yasakov D.S. Micronutrient status of a pregnant woman: deficiency-associated risks and correction methods Акушерство и гинекология. 2020; 5: 156-64. (in Russian)]. https://dx.doi.org/10.18565/aig.2020.5.156-64.
  44. Громова О.А., Торшин И.Ю., Тетруашвили Н.К., Серов В.Н., Коденцова В.М., Малявская С.И., Гришина Т.Р., Громов А.Н., Калачева А.Г., Керимкулова Н.В., Лиманова О.А., Мозговая Е.А., Гришина Т.Р., Громов А.Н., Калачева А.Г., Керимкулова Н.В., Лиманова О.А., Грачева О.Н. Интеллектуальный анализ данных по течению и исходу беременности: роли различных витаминно-минеральных комплексов. Медицинский алфавит. 2018; 1(6): 10-23.
  45. Коденцова В.М. Витамины и минералы как фактор предупреждения дефектов развития плода и осложнений беременности. Медицинский совет. 2016; 9: 106-14. [Kodentsova V.M. Rationale dnd Benefits of Multivitamins Supplementation for Pregnant Women. Medical Council. 2016; 9: 106-14. (in Russian)]. https://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2016-9-106-114.
  46. Бекетова Н.А., Коденцова В.М., Абрамова Т.В., Сокольников А.А., Гмошинская М.В., Кошелева О.В., Переверзева О.Г., Вржесинская О.А., Карагулян О.Р. Витаминный статус беременных женщин, проживающих в Московском регионе: влияние приема витаминно-минеральных комплексов. Фарматека. 2017; 3: 41-5.
  47. Вржесинская О.А., Переверзева О.Г., Гмошинская М.В., Коденцова В.М., Сафронова А.И., Коростелева М.М. Алешина И.В., Фандеева Т.А. Обеспеченность водорастворимыми витаминами и состояние костной ткани у беременных женщин. Вопросы питания. 2015; 84(3): 70-6.
  48. FIGO Committee Report. Good clinical practice advice: Micronutrients in the periconceptional period and pregnancy.Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. 2019; 144: 317 21. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.12739
  49. Overb G., Rasmussen I.S., Siersma V., Andersen J.H., Kragstrup J., Wilson P. et al. Depression and anxiety symptoms in pregnant women in Denmark during COVID-19. Scand. J. Public Health. 2021; 49(7): 721-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14034948211013271.
  50. Sinaci S., Tokalioglu E.O., Ocal D., Atalay A., Yilmaz G., Keskin H.L. et al. Does having a high-risk pregnancy influence anxiety level during the COVID-19 pandemic? Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2020; 255: 190-6. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.10.055.
  51. Craig F., Gioia M.C., Muggeo V., Cajiao J., Aloi A., Martino I. et al. Effects of maternal psychological distress and perception of COVID-19 on prenatal attachment in a large sample of Italian pregnant women. J. Affect. Disord. 2021; 295: 665-72. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.102.
  52. Com erf ord K.B. Recent developments in multivitamin/mineral research. Adv. Nutr. 2013; 4(6): 644-56. https://dx.doi.org/10.3945/an.113.004523.
  53. Richardson D.P., Lovegrove J.A. Nutritional status of micronutrients as a possible and modifiable risk factor for COVID-19: a UK perspective. Br. J. Nutr. 2021; 125(6): 678-84. 10.1017/S000711452000330X.
  54. de Souza Monnerat J.A., Ribeiro de Souza P., da Fonseca Cardoso L.M., Mattos J.D., de Souza Rocha G., Medeiros R.F. Micronutrients and bioactive compounds in the immunological pathways related to SARS-CoV-2 (adults and elderly). Eur. J. Nutr. 2021; 60(2): 559-79. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-020-02410-1.
  55. Junaid K., Ejaz H., Abdalla A.E., Abosalif K.O., Ullah M.I., Yasmeen H. et al. Effective immune functions of micronutrients against SARS-CoV-2. Nutrients. 2020; 12(10): 2992. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12102992.
  56. Mukattash T.L., Alkhalidy H., Alzu'bi B., Abu-Farha R., Itani R., Karout S. et al. Dietary supplements intake during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic: A multinational Middle Eastern study. Eur. J. Integr. Med. 2022; 49: https://dx.doi.org/102102.10.1016/j.eujim.2022.102102.
  57. Puscion-Jakubik A., Bielecka J., Grabia M., Mielech A., Markiewicz-Zukowska R., Mielcarek K. et al. Consumption of food supplements during the three COVID-19 waves in Poland - focus on zinc and vitamin D. Nutrients. 2021; 13(10): 3361. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13103361.
  58. Gryszczynska B., Budzyn M., Grupinska J., Kasprzak M. P., Gryszczynska A. Nutritional behaviors, vitamin supplementation and physical activity among Polish adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nutrients. 2022; 14(2): 331. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14020331.
  59. Сергеева Н.М. О структурных преобразованиях на рынке биологически активных добавок РФ в период пандемии коронавируса. Азимут научных исследований: экономика и управление. 2021; 10(2): 28992. [Sergeeva N.M. On structural transformations in the market of dietary supplements in the Russian Federation during the coronavirus pandemic. Research Azimuth: Economics and Management. 2021; 10(2): 289-92. (in Russian)]. https://dx.doi.org/10.26140/anie-2021-1002-0059.
  60. Квачахия Л.Л. Тенденции развития рынка БАД в России в условиях коронавируса. Азимут научных исследований: экономика и управление. 2021; 10(3): 165-8.
  61. Akhtar S., Das J.K., Ismail T., Wahid M., Saeed W., Bhutta Z.A. Nutritional perspectives for the prevention and mitigation of COVID-19. Nutr. Rev. 2021; 79(3): 289-300. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa063.
  62. Pisoschi A.M., Pop A., Iordache F., Stanca L., Geicu O. I., Bilteanu L., Serban A.I. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory roles of vitamins in COVID-19 therapy. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2022; 232: 114175. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114175.
  63. Lotf F., Akbarzadeh-Khiavi M., Lotf Z., Rahbarnia L., Safary A., Zarredar H. et al. Baghbanzadeh, A., Naghili. B., Baradaran B. Micronutrient therapy and effective immune response: a promising approach for management of COVID-19. Infection. 2021: 49(6): 1133-47. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15010-021-01644-3.
  64. Лобыкина Е.Н. К вопросу об использовании биологически активных добавок к пище во врачебной практике. Вопросы диетологии. 2017; 7(3): 33-43. [Lobykina E.N. To the question of the use of biologically active food supplements in medical practice. Voprosy diyetologii/ Issues of dietetics. 2017; 7(3): 33-43. (in Russian)]. https://dx.doi.org/10.20953/2224-5448-2017-3-33-43.
  65. Коденцова В.М., Рисник Д.В. Витаминно-минеральные комплексы: БАД или лекарства? Трудный пациент. 2021; 19(5): 15-21. [Kodentsova V.M., Risnik D.V. Multivitamin and mineral complexes: dietary supplements or medications? Trudnyj Pacient/Difficult Patient. 2021; 19(5): 15-21. (in Russian)]. https://dx.doi.org/10.224412/2074-1005-2021-5-15-2.

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies