Installation for peeling rapeseed in an ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic field



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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Well-known plants can process 12 tons of unpeeled rapeseed per day, producing from each ton of seeds 40% of oil used as diesel fuel and 60% of cake with up to 20% oil content. To use the oil for food purposes, peeled rapeseed seeds should be used. The problem of high–quality peeling of rapeseed with the separation of the husk from the kernel and the preservation of the integrity of the kernel remains unresolved.

AIM: The purpose of the work is to develop an installation for peeling rapeseed seeds in an ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic field in the process of hydro mechanical destruction and abrasion of shells.

METHODS: Peeling of rapeseed seeds occurs: − due to hydro mechanical destruction (moistening of the shell to preserve the strength of the core, a single impact to destroy the strength of the bonds between the shells and the core); - abrasion of the shells as a result of friction against the rotating cone of the condenser part of the quasi- toroidal resonator and mutual friction of the seeds in an ultrahigh - frequency electromagnetic field

RESULTS. The flow of the initial rapeseed seeds, together with the transporting air, is fed into the receiving container, where it is moistened. Seeds with a moistened shell through a radio-transparent funnel located in the condenser part of the quasi-toroidal resonator fall on the surface of the rotor, are subjected to repeated impact, intense friction against the abrasive surface. As a result, the shells of rapeseed seeds are separated from the core. The cores fall down and are discharged through the container. Light particles are removed by air through a pneumatic separation channel. In the sedimentary chamber, heavy ratios are separated from light impurities. Microcracks appear in the shell of rapeseed seeds, which facilitates separation from the core. The amount and rate of moisture absorption depends on the temperature of endogenous heating of rapeseed components. As the temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the water molecules increases and, consequently, the intensity of moisture transfer in the shell.

CONCLUSION: Calculations show that the electric field strength in the resonator reaches up to 15 kV/cm, which makes it possible to increase the temperature of dielectric heating of rapeseed seeds by 15-20 °C at a circumferential rotor speed (18-20 m/s) and promotes the separation of the moistened shell from the seed core. With an electric rotor drive power of 4.2 kW, a rotation speed of 750 rpm, and a magnetron power of 3.3 kW, the installation capacity will be 150 kg/h. Energy costs are equal to 0.05 kWh/kg. Advantages of a microwave-powered husker with a quasi-toroidal resonator: high technological efficiency, relatively low power consumption. Endogenous heat enhances the process of swelling of the shells. The resulting internal shifts facilitate the process of separating the shells from the rapeseed kernel, and the thermal factor makes it possible to shorten the duration of separation of the shells from the poison.

Full Text

introduction
The global rapeseed harvest has averaged 70-75 million tons in recent years. In the Nizhny Novgorod region, 100 tons of rapeseed seeds are processed daily at the Vegetable Oil Plant LLC, and 1-5 tons/day are processed in farms to produce rapeseed oil. On average, rapeseed oil is produced in Russia up to 1 t/h. The processing line contains heaters (GH-1000, 24 kW), two spin presses (RP – 500, 44 kW), an extruder (E–1000 R, 92.5 kW), a screw feeder (SF–250, 1.1 kW), a screw press for final pressing (RP–100, 46.5 kW), cooler (O -1000, 4.5 kW). The total power of the line is 213 kW. A rapeseed processing plant is operating in the Sechenovsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region. The plant can process unpeeled rapeseed seeds up to 12 tons per day, producing 400 kg of oil (40%) and 600 kg of cake with 20% oil content from each ton of seeds, which is used for livestock feed, and the oil is used as diesel fuel [1]. Therefore, for the production of edible rapeseed oil, it is necessary to peel rapeseed seeds in farm conditions.
Existing peeling methods and machines designed for cereals cannot be used for rapeseed seeds, due to the special structure and physico-mechanical properties (brittleness, low humidity – 4%, small seeds -1 mm). They are combinations of a peeling agent and an aspirator to separate the husk. The disadvantage of peeling machines is the high consumption of electricity, i.e. up to 75 kWh is spent on peeling 1 ton of grain.
There is a known installation for peeling rapeseed in an ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic field (UHF), consisting of two modules [2]. The first module is designed for cooling rapeseed seeds, the second module is presented in the form of a cylindrical perforated resonator in a shielding housing with tiered electric drive discs made of fine-grained abrasive material and a hollow dielectric shaft for air circulation. An installation with three tiered modules is known [3]. The first module provides water spraying. The second module is presented in the form of a cylindrical resonator with a coaxially arranged electrically driven fluoroplastic screw, the screws of which are coated with a fine-grained abrasive material. In the third module there are fan blades, which are also coated with an abrasive material. 
Disadvantages. In both installations (two-module and three-module) with microwave power supply to a cylindrical resonator, it is difficult to coordinate the operating parameters of each module, hence the fragmentation of the core and losses. 
An analog is the P3-BSD air separator, designed to isolate impurities that differ from grain in aerodynamic properties, and to separate the transporting air from the grain [4]. Separate separator units allow for the movement of rapeseed seeds and air circulation, but there are no units that allow peeling rapeseed seeds with the separation of the husk from the core. 
There is a problem of implementing high-quality peeling of rapeseed with the separation of the husk from the core and maintaining its integrity. The main direction of improvement of the rapeseed husker is to determine the rational size and shape of resonators with a rotating rotor with speed control. 
The purpose of this work is to develop and substantiate the parameters of an installation for peeling rapeseed seeds in a vacuum cleaner during hydromechanical destruction and abrasion of shells. 
Research objectives:
1. To study the existing technologies and technical means used for peeling rapeseed seeds.
2. To develop an installation that implements the combination of the processes of hydromechanical destruction and abrasion of the shells of rapeseed seeds under the influence of EMPH to reduce the yield of crushed fractions. 
Scientific novelty is represented by: a method for peeling rapeseed seeds combined with microwave technology, which allows to separate the husk from the core as much as possible while maintaining its integrity; the design of the installation with a quasi-toroidal resonator, which combines the methods of peeling multiple impacts and abrasion of moistened rapeseed shells with the process of exposure to EMPH.
The basic idea, principle of operation and design of the installation is based on the fact that several processes combine in a quasi-toroidal resonator. Namely: spraying water on the surface of rapeseed seeds in a loading container; cooling in a guide radio-transparent funnel; repeated impact and abrasion of moistened rapeseed shells in an electrically driven distribution cone coated with fine-grained abrasive material; exposure to an ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic field of high electric field intensity.

METHODS AND MEANS OF CONDUCTING RESEARCH 
The object of the study is an ultrahigh frequency installation with a quasi-toroidal resonator providing hydrothermal treatment of rapeseed seeds, reducing the fragility of the endosperm, and repeated impact and intense abrasion of the shells, reducing the yield of crushed fractions. In the installation, taking into account the structure of rapeseed seeds, the strength of the bonds between the shells and the core, and the strength of the core, these peeling methods are implemented, allowing to obtain as many kernels as possible with low crushing capacity. These methods are applicable for rapeseed seeds, in which the shell has not fused with the core, but the core itself is fragile enough, requiring an increase in plasticity so that it does not break up on impact.
The radius of the non-ferromagnetic outer cylinder 11 is selected so that at a frequency of 2450 MHz, the capacitor part 8 operates in cut-off mode. The gap in the capacitor part of the quasi-toroidal resonator should be a multiple of a quarter of the wavelength. The dimensions of the quasi-toroidal resonator are as follows: the condenser gap is 15.3 cm; the diameter of the inner cylinder is 48.96 cm; the diameter of the outer cylinder is 61.2 cm, the height of the outer cylinder is 61.2 cm. 
When designing quasi-toroidal resonators, the features of the electromagnetic field of the centimeter range (wavelength 12.24 cm) were taken into account, namely: the volume should be large enough to process a significant number of rapeseed seeds and fully use the power of generators; the linear dimensions of the quasi-toroidal resonator should not exceed 5-7 times the wavelength. Reducing the linear dimensions of the quasi-toroidal resonator to sizes 1-2 times larger than the wavelength of 12.24 cm leads to a decrease in the energy reserve and a decrease in its own quality factor. It is impractical to use volumetric resonators whose dimensions are 8-10 times larger than the wavelength due to the excitation of a large number of vibrations in them, then the resonant properties are lost [5], the total field will be uneven. 
The electrodynamic parameters (electric field strength and intrinsic Q-factor) of a quasi-toroidal resonator, whose dimensions are 5-7 times the wavelength of 12.24 cm, were determined by theoretical formulas [6, 7].
RESEARCH RESULTS AND THEIR DISCUSSION
The installation (Fig. 1) for peeling rapeseed in an EMPH contains a quasi-toroidal resonator consisting of a condenser part 8 and a toroidal part. The condenser part is made of a coaxially arranged outer cone 7 and an inner electrically driven cone 9. An annular channel 12 and a conical container 18 formed between the outer cylinder 11 and the inner cylinder 19 represent the toroidal part of a quasi-toroidal resonator. Cylinders 11 and 19 are arranged coaxially. A loading tank 1 is installed above the top of the outer cone 7. It is designed to supply unpeeled rapeseed seeds with an air stream through a special nozzle and spray water through a nozzle 4. There is a guide tray 2 in the loading container 1.
The surface of the electrically driven cone 9, made without a base, is covered with a fine-grained abrasive material 10. Under the top of the outer cone 7, in the condenser part 8 of the resonator, a radio-transparent funnel 5 is installed, inside which an electrically driven radio-transparent brush 6 is located. An electrically driven radio-transparent brush 6 is installed on the radio-transparent shaft 3, and an internal electrically driven cone 9 is installed below it.  Below it is a radiopransparent central cylinder 13, mounted coaxially in a radiopransparent sedimentary chamber 14, made in the form of a truncated cone without bases, docked to a radiopransparent nozzle 16. Above the sedimentary chamber 14, a radiopransparent pallet 21 is installed through the gap, on the base of which there is an annular hole. The pneumatic separation channel 15 is formed between the inner cylinder 19 and the radiopransparent middle cylinder 20, located coaxially under the radiopransparent conical chamber 14. The air-cooled magnetrons 23 are arranged with a shift of 120 degrees along the perimeter of the lateral surface of the outer cone 7 so that the emitters are directed through the waveguide into the condenser part 8 of the resonator. 
The technological process takes place as follows. Turn on the electric motor to rotate the electric brush 6 and the internal electric cone 9. Turn on the supply of sprayed water through the nozzle 4 into the loading container 1. Open the node for supplying the initial rapeseed with impurities with an air stream into the loading container 1. Next, the seeds with a moistened shell, hitting the guide tray 2, fall into a radio-transparent funnel 5. After that, turn on the fans, magnetrons 23. Then an EMSWHF (2450 MHz, wavelength 12.24 cm) is excited in a quasi-toroidal resonator. A high electric field strength of more than 2 kV/cm is provided in the capacitor part. 
It is known [5, 11-30] that when generating an electromagnetic field of the H011 mode in the cylindrical part of a quasi-toroidal resonator, contact between the inner cylinder 19 and the base is not required. In the design, the base is an internal electrically driven cone 9, located with a gap of no more than a quarter of the wavelength (3.06 cm) from the inner cylinder 19. Currents flowing along the circumference of the inner cylinder 19 and a traveling electromagnetic field in the resonator are excited in the walls of the quasi-toroidal resonator. In the radiopransparent funnel 5, a coaxially positioned radiopransparent electric brush 6 ensures an even distribution of moisture over the surface of rapeseed seeds. Since the radio-transparent funnel 5 is located in the capacitor part 8 of the resonator, therefore, dielectric heating selectively occurs when exposed to microwave radiation, depending on the dielectric loss factor of the shell and core. The moisture gradient from the surface of rapeseed seeds to the core and the moisture gradient from the center of the core will be opposite when placed in the EMF, which will allow the shell to be separated from the core. In the radio-transparent funnel 5, rapeseed seeds are separated from the air. Further, rapeseed seeds fall on the surface of the internal electrically driven cone 9. Gradual abrasion of the shells occurs as a result of friction of rapeseed seeds on the surface with fine-grained abrasive material of the electrically driven cone 9. Repeated impact of rapeseed seeds occurs on a radio-transparent reflective ring 22, also coated with fine-grained abrasive material. Rapeseed seeds, under the action of centrifugal forces during rotation of the electric drive cone 9, are thrown to the surface of the radio-transparent reflective ring 22. The rapeseed impact rate on the radio-transparent reflective ring 22, at which rapeseed peeling occurs, depends on its humidity, on the specific power of the ultrahigh frequency generator, and the electric field strength.
The cores retain their integrity, since they have been cooled off in the microwave and the rotation frequency of the electric drive cone 9 is optimized.
When the seeds roll down the surface of the electric cone 9, their shells wear off and fall into the toroidal part 12 of the resonator. From where, through a guide annular hole, they enter the ascending air flow of the pneumatic separation channel 15. The kernels cleaned from the shells fall down and are discharged through a conical container 18 designed for the accumulation of rapeseed kernels. Light particles are lifted up by air through a pneumatic separation channel 15. Through the gap between the radio-transparent tray 21 and the radio-transparent sedimentation chamber 14, heavy loads enter it (14).
In the inner cavity of the radiotransparent sedimentary chamber 14, heavy impurities are separated from light impurities. Under the influence of gravitational forces, heavy particles fall out of the air stream and are discharged through a radio-transparent nozzle 16. Light impurities under the influence of aerodynamic forces enter the radio-transparent central cylinder 13, from where they are discharged together with air from it, at a certain pressure of the air flow controlled by the valve 17. 
Thus, in the installation, the mixture of rapeseed and air is divided into three fractions: core, heavy ratios and air with light ratios. The separation of rapeseed kernels from the husk (shell) occurs due to the difference in their aerodynamic properties. The main indicator of the aerodynamic properties of the particles of the mixture, which determines its divisibility in the air flow, is the soaring speed. In the pneumatic separation channel 15, during the turbulent movement of the air flow, the drag force depends on the dynamic effect of the flow on the kernels of rapeseed seeds, namely, on the coefficient of aerodynamic drag, midsection, air density, and relative particle velocity.
The nature of the interaction of rapeseed seeds with water is influenced by the following main factors: the sorption properties of rapeseed, the parameters of the moisture carrier and the environment. The rate of moisture absorption depends on the characteristics of rapeseed seeds. It is enough to moisten rapeseed with water only before heat treatment. The moisture content in the shell and kernel of rapeseed seeds is not the same. In the rapeseed core, the moisture in the EMF spreads more slowly than in the shell. At the same time, microcracks appear in the shell of rapeseed seeds, which facilitates separation from the core. The amount and rate of moisture absorption depends on the heating temperature of the rapeseed components. As the temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the water molecules increases and, consequently, the intensity of moisture transfer in the shell. With an increase in water temperature, the rate of its absorption by the rapeseed shell increases.

Fig. 1. Installation for peeling rapeseed in an ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic field: 1 – non–ferromagnetic loading container; 2 – guide tray; 3 – electric drive with a radio–transparent shaft; 4 – water supply pipe; 5 – radio–transparent funnel; 6 - radio-transparent electric brush; 7 - non-ferromagnetic outer cone; 8 - condenser part quasi–toroidal resonator; 9 – non–ferromagnetic internal electric drive cone; 10 – fine-grained abrasive material; 11 - non-ferromagnetic outer cylinder; 12 - toroidal part; 13 – radio-transparent central cylinder; 14 – radio–transparent sedimentation chamber; 15 – pneumatic separation channel; 16 – radio–transparent nozzle; 17 - valve; 18 - non–ferromagnetic conical container; 19 – internal non–ferromagnetic cylinder; 20 – radio–transparent middle cylinder; 21 - radio-transparent pallet; 22 - radio-transparent reflective ring; 23 - air-cooled magnetrons
Fig. 1.Installation for peeling rapeseed in an ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic field: 1 – non-ferromagnetic loading container; 2 – guide tray; 3 – electric drive with a radio–transparent shaft; 4 – water supply pipe; 5 – radio–transparent funnel; 6 – radio–transparent electric brush; 7 - non-ferromagnetic outer cone; 8 - condenser part of a quasi-toroidal resonator; 9 - non-ferromagnetic inner electric cone; 10 – fine-grained abrasive material; 11 – non-ferromagnetic outer cylinder; 12 – toroidal part; 13 – radio–transparent central cylinder; 14 – radio-transparent sedimentary chamber; 15 - pneumatic separation channel; 16 – radio–transparent nozzle; 17 – valve; 18 – non–ferromagnetic conical container; 19 – internal non–ferromagnetic cylinder; 20 – radio-transparent middle cylinder; 21 - radio-transparent pallet; 22 - radio-transparent reflective ring; 23 - air-cooled magnetrons
The coordination of the electric field strength with the intrinsic Q-factor of the resonator and the power of the generator was carried out according to the method of O.O. Drobakhin [6]. With known dimensions of a quasi-toroidal resonator, its intrinsic Q-factor (Q) can be determined by the formula:
      (1)
where V, S are the volume and surface area of the resonator, respectively, m3, m2;
∆ = 1.716 10-6 m is the thickness of the surface layer of the aluminum body of the resonator.
 
 
General = 2∙(3920+5377) = 18594 cm3.
 
The electric field strength in a quasi–toroidal resonator (E, V/ m) according to the formula:
(2)
where P is the power of the generator, W; eo is the dielectric constant of the vacuum (8.854 × 10-12 F /m);
f is the EMF frequency, Hz; V is the volume of the resonator, m3.
Preliminary calculations show that the electric field strength in the condenser part reaches up to 15 kV/cm, which makes it possible to increase the temperature of dielectric heating of rapeseed by 15-20 °C at the circumferential speed of the rotor (18-20 m/s). This temperature helps to separate the moistened shell from the core. With the power of the electric drive of the conical rotor of 4.2 kW, a rotation speed of 750 rpm, a magnetron power of 3.3 kW, the productivity of the plant for peeling rapeseed will be 150 kg/h. Energy costs are equal to 0.05 kWh/kg. The results of the study of electrodynamic parameters according to the CT Microwave Studio program [8-10] show that the electric field strength in the capacitor part can be 15 kV/cm.
conclusions 
Advantages of a microwave power supply husker in a quasi-stationary resonator: high technological efficiency, relatively low power consumption. A radio-transparent reflective ring coated with a fine-grained abrasive material increases the impact zone of rapeseed seeds. Endogenous heat enhances the process of swelling of the shells. The resulting internal shifts facilitate the process of separating the shells from the rapeseed kernel, and the thermal factor makes it possible to shorten the duration of separation of the shells from the core.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Authors contribution. N.N. Kuchin – analysis of the technology of peeling rapeseed and grain crops and existing machines. N.V. Zuglenok – justification of effective modes of operation of the installation with a source of electromagnetic radiation; revision of the text; drawing conclusions. V.F. Storchevoy – work on the implementation of the innovative idea of peeling rapeseed seeds in a quasi-toroidal resonator microwave installation; approval of the final versions of the manuscript; A.V. Storchevoy description of the principle of operation of the plant for peeling rapeseed. All the authors made a significant contribution to the research and preparation of the article, read and approved the final version before publication.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare the absence of obvious and potential conflicts of interest related to the publication of this article.

Funding source. The authors state that there is no external funding for the study.

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About the authors

Nikolay Nikolaevich Kuchin

Nizhny Novgorod University of Engineering and Economics

Email: nkuchin53@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0001-9176-2988
SPIN-code: 7394-2263

Professor,  Professor of the Department of Technical Service

Russian Federation, 22a Oktyabrskaya street, 606340, Knyaginino, Nizhny Novgorod region, Russian Federation

Nikolay N. Kuchin

Email: ntsuglenok@mail.ru

Vladimir F. Storchevoy

Email: v_storchevoy@mail.ru

Alexander V. Storchevoy

Author for correspondence.
Email: alecks.10@mail.ru

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