THEORETICAL MODELS OF CRAVING AND THEIR RELATION TO MECHANISMS OF ADDICTION AND TREATMENT APPROACHES



Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

The principal biological, psychobiological, psychological and psychopathological models of craving are reviewed. Their connections with the genesis and clinical implications of compulsive-habitual behavior are considered. It is pointed out that no single model explains craving completely or provides a universal therapeutic strategy. A one-sided psychopathological interpretation and resulting psychopharmacological approaches to the treatment of addiction are critically evaluated.

About the authors

Мikhail L Zobin

Меdical Centre for treatment of addiction

Email: dr.zobin@mail.ru
Меdical Centre for treatment of addiction

References

  1. Abrams D.B. Transdisciplinary concepts and measures of craving: commentary and future directions // Addiction. - 2000. - Suppl. 2. - P. 237-246.
  2. Addolorato G., Leggio L., Abenavoli L. Gasbarrini G. Neurobiochemical and clinical aspects of craving in alcohol addiction: A review. // Addict Behav. - 2005. - Vol. 30. - P. 209-1224.
  3. Ahmed S.H., Koob G.F. Transition to drug addiction: a negative reinforcement model based on an allostatic decrease in reward function // Psychopharmacology (Berl). - 2005, Jul. - Vol.180(3). - P. 473-490.
  4. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. - Washington, DC: the Association, 1994.
  5. Anton R.F. What is craving? Models and implications for treatment // Alcohol Res Health.- 1999. - Vol. 23(3). - P. 165-173.
  6. Anton R.F., Moak D.H., Lathamp P. The Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale. A new method of assessing outcome in alcoholism treatment studies // Archives of General Psychiatry. - 1996. - Vol. 53. - P. 225-231.
  7. Armor D.J., Polish J.M., Stambul H.B. Alcoholism and treatment. - New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1980. - 361 p.
  8. Baker T., Morse E., Sherman J. The motivation to use drugs: a psychobiological analysis of urges // Nebraska Symp Motiv. - 1986. -Vol. 34. - P. 257-323.
  9. Baker T.B., Piper M.E., McCarthy D.E. et al. Addiction motivation reformulated: an affective processing model of negative reinforcement // Psychol Rev. - 2004, Jan. - Vol. 111(1). - P. 33-51.
  10. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change // Psychol Rev. - 1977. - Vol. 84. - P. 191-215.
  11. Berridge K., Winkielman P. What is an unconscious emotion? (The case for unconscious 'liking') // Cogn Emotion. - 2003. - Vol. 17. - P. 181-211.
  12. Bottlender M., Soyka M. Impact of craving on alcohol relapse during, and 12 months following, outpatient treatment // Alcohol and Alcoholism. - 2004. - Vol. 39. - P. 357-361.
  13. Brauer L.H., Goudie A.J., de Wit H. Dopamine ligands and the stimulus effects of amphetamine: animal models versus human laboratory data // Psychopharmacology (Berl). - 1997. - Vol. 130. - P. 2-13.
  14. Carey K.B., Correia C.J. Drinking motives predict alcohol-related problems in college students // J. Stud. Alcohol. - 1997, Jan. - Vol. 58(1). - P. 100-105.
  15. Carter B.L., Tiffany S.T. Meta-analysis of cue-reactivity in addiction research // Addiction. - 1999. - Vol. 94. - P. 327-340.
  16. Chang C.W., Huang C.W., Wu W.H. et al. Psychometric properties of the Chinese craving beliefs questionnaire for heroin abusers in methadone treatment // BMC Psychiatry. - 2011, Mar. - Vol. 9. - P. 11-39.
  17. Ciccocioppo R. The role of serotonin in craving: from basic research to human studies // Alcohol Alcohol. - 1999. - Vol. 34. - P. 244-253.
  18. Connolly K.M., Coffey S.F., Baschnagel J.S., Drobes D.J., Saladin M.E. Evaluation of the Alcohol Craving Questionnaire-Now factor structures: application of a cue reactivity paradigm // Drug Alcohol Depend. - 2009, Jul 1. - Vol. 103(1-2). - P. 84-91.
  19. Drummond D. What does cue-reactivity have to offer clinical research? // Addiction. - 2000. - Vol. 95 (Suppl. 2). - S.129-144.
  20. Drummond D., Cooper T., Glautier S. Conditioned learning in alcohol dependence: implications for cue exposure treatment // Br. J. Addict. - 1990. - Vol. 85. - P. 725-743.
  21. Drummond D.C., Litten R.Z., Lowman C., Hunt W.A. Craving research: future directions // Addiction. - 2000. - Suppl. 2. - P. 247-255.
  22. Eissenberg T. Measuring the emergence of tobacco dependence: the contribution of negative reinforcement models // Addiction. - 2004 Jun. - Vol. 99, Suppl 1. - P. 5-29.
  23. Everitt B. Craving cocaine cues: Cognitive neuroscience meets drug addiction research // Trends Cogn Sci. - 1997, Apr. - Vol. 1 (1). - P. 1-2.
  24. Fischman M.W. Relationship between self-reported drug effects and their reinforcing effects: studies with stimulant drugs // NIDA Res. Monogr. - 1989. - Vol. 92. - P. 21l-230.
  25. Fortuna J.L., Smelson D.A. The phenomenon of drug craving // J. Psychoactive Drugs. - 2008, Sep. - Vol. 40 (3). - P. 255-261.
  26. Fowles D. Psychophysiology and psychopathology: a motivational approach // Psychophysiology. - 1988. - Vol. 25. - P. 373-391.
  27. Franken I.H.A., Hendriks V.M., van den Brink W. Craving and addiction: theory, limitations and future research // Nederlands Tijdschrift voor de Psychologie. - 1998. - Vol. 53. - P. 85-94.
  28. Franken I.H., Hendriks V.M., Vanden B.W. Initial validation of two opiate craving questionnaires: the Obsessive Compulsive Drug Use Scale (OCDUS) and the Desires for Drug Questionnaire (DDQ) // Addic Disord. - 2002. - Vol. 27. - P. 675-685.
  29. Frenois F., Le Moine C., Cador M. The motivational component of withdrawal in opiate addiction: role of associative learning and aversive memory in opiate addiction from a behavioral, anatomical and functional perspective // Rev. Neurosci. - 2005. - Vol. 16 (3). - P. 255-276.
  30. Gawin F.H., Ellinwood E.J. Cocaine and other stimulants. Actions, abuse and treatment // N. Engl. J. Med. - 1988. - Vol. 318. - P. 1173-1182.
  31. Grusser S.M., Morsen C.P., Wolfing K., Flor H. The relationship of stress, coping, effect experiences and craving // Eur. Addict Res. - 2007. - Vol. 13. - P. 31-38.
  32. Heinz A., Lцber S., Georgi A., Wrase J. et al. Reward craving and withdrawal relief craving: assessment of different motivational pathways to alcohol intake // Alcohol Alcohol. - 2003 Jan-Feb. - Vol. 38 (1). - P. 35-39.
  33. Hormes J.M., Rozin P. Does "craving" carve nature at the joints? Absence of a synonym for craving in many languages // Addict Behav. - 2010 May, - Vol. 35 (5). - P. 459-63.
  34. Hughes J. Craving as a psychological construct // Br. J. Addict. - 1987. - Vol. 82. - P. 38-39.
  35. Jaffe J.H. Drug addiction and drug abuse / In A.G. Gil-man, T.W. Rall, A.S. Nies, P. Taylor (Eds.) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. - Pergamon Press, New York, 1990. - P. 522-573.
  36. Jaffe J.H. Current concepts of addiction / In C.P. O'Brien and J.H. Jaffe (Eds.) Addictive States. - Raven Press, New York, 1992. - P. l-21.
  37. Jellinek E.M. The disease concept of alcoholism. - Hillhouse Press, New Haven. -1960.
  38. Jimenez M., Graсa J.L., Montes V., Rubio G. Alcohol craving scale based on three factors // Eur. Addict Res. - 2009. - Vol. 15 (3). - P. 135-142.
  39. Kenny P.J., Chen S.A., Kitamura O. et al. Conditioned withdrawal drives heroin consumption and decreases reward sensitivity // J. Neurosci. - 2006, May. - Vol. 26(22). - P. 5894-5900.
  40. Khantzian E.J. The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: focus on heroin and cocaine dependence // Am. I. Psychiatry. - 1985. - Vol. 142. - P. 1259-1264.
  41. Koob G.F., Le Moal M. Addiction and the brain antireward system // Annu Rev Psychol. - 2008. - Vol. 59. - P. 29-53 (a).
  42. Koob G.F., Le Moal M. Review. Neurobiological mechanisms for opponent motivational processes in addiction // Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. - 2008 Oct. 12. - Vol. 363 (1507). - P. 3113-3123 (b).
  43. Kozlowski L.T., Mann R.E., Wilkinson D.A., Poulos C.X. "Cravings" are ambiguous: ask about urges or desires // Addict Behav. - 1989. - Vol. 14 (4). - P. 443-445.
  44. Kozlowski L., Wilkinson D. Use and misuse of the concept of craving by alcohol, tobacco and drug researchers // Br J. Addict. - 1987. - Vol. 82. - P. 31-36.
  45. Lamb R.J., Preston K.L., Schindler C. et al. The reinforcing and subjective effects of morphine in post-addicts: a dose-response study // J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. - 1991. - Vol. 259. - P. 1165-1173.
  46. Leyton M., Boileau I., Benkelfat C. et al. Amphetamine-induced increases in extracellular dopamine, drug wanting and novelty seeking: a PET/[11C]raclopride study in healthy men // Neuropsychopharmacology. - 2002. - Vol. 27. - P. 1027-1035.
  47. Lubman D.I., Peters L.A., Mogg K. et al. Attentional bias for drug cues in opiate dependence // Psychological Medicine. - 2000. - Vol. 30. - P. 169-175.
  48. Ludwig A., Wikler A., Stark L. The first drink: psychobiological aspects of craving // Arch Gen Psychiatry. - 1974. - Vol. 30. - P. 539-547.
  49. Markou A., Kosten T.R., Koob G.F. Neurobiological similarities in depression and drug dependence: a self-medication hypothesis // Neuropsychopharmacology. - 1998 Mar. - Vol. 18 (3). - P. 135-174.
  50. Marlatt G. Cognitive factors in the relapse process / In: Marlatt G., Gordon J. (Eds.), Relapse Prevention: Maintenance Strategies in the Treatment of Addictive Behaviors. - Guilford Press, New York, 1985. - P. 128-200.
  51. Marlatt G. Craving notes // Br J. Addict. - 1987. - Vol. 82. - P. 42-43.
  52. Marlatt G., Witkiewitz K. Relapse prevention for alcohol and drug problems / In: Marlatt G.A., Donovan D.M. (еds.), Relapse prevention: maintenance strategies in the treatment of addictive behaviors. - Guilford Press, New York, 2005. - P. 1-44.
  53. Metcalfe J., Mischel W. A hot/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification: dynamics of willpower // Psychol Rev. - 1999. - Vol. 106. - P. 3-19.
  54. Meyer R.E. Craving: what can be done to bring the insights of neuroscience, behavioral science and clinical science into synchrony // Addiction. - 2000 Aug. - Vol. 95. - Suppl 2. - P. 219-227.
  55. Mezinskis J.P., Honos-Webb L., Kropp F., Somoza E. The measurement of craving // J. Addict Dis. - 2001. - Vol. 20 (3). - P. 67-85.
  56. Modell J. G., Glaser F. B., Cyr L., Mountz J. M. Obsessive and compulsive characteristics of craving for alcohol in alcohol abuse and dependence // Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. - 1992. - Vol. 16. - P. 272-274.
  57. Mogg K., Bradley B.P., Field M., De Houwer J. Eye movements to smoking-related pictures in smokers: relationship between attentional biases and implicit and explicit measures of stimulus valence // Addiction. - 2003. - Vol. 98. - P. 825-836.
  58. Monti P.M., Rohsenow D.J., Hutchison K.E. Toward bridging the gap between biological, psychobiological and psychosocial models of alcohol craving // Addiction. - 2000. - Suppl. 2. - P. 229-236.
  59. Niaura R. Cognitive social learning and related perspectives on drug craving // Addiction.- 2000 Aug. - Vol. 95, Suppl 2. - P. 155-163.
  60. Niaura R., Goldstein M., Abrams D. A bioinformational systems perspective on tobacco dependence // British Journal of Addiction. - 1991. - Vol. 86. - P. 593-597.
  61. Nutt D., King L.A., Saulsbury W., Blakemore C. Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse // Lancet. - 2007 Mar 24. - Vol. 369 (9566). - P. 1047-1053.
  62. O'Brien C. Experimental analysis of conditioning factors in human narcotic addiction // Pharmacol Rev. - 1976. - Vol. 27. - P. 533-543.
  63. O'Brien C.P. Anticraving medications for relapse prevention: A possible new class of psychoactive medications // American Journal of Psychiatry. - 2005. - Vol. 162 (8). - P. 1423-1431.
  64. O'Brien C., Chaddock B., Woody G., Greenstein R. Systematic extinction of narcotic drug use using narcotic antagonists // Psychosom Med. - 1974. - Vol. 36. - P. 458.
  65. O'Brien C., Childress A., Ehrman R., Robbins S. Conditioning factors in drug abuse: can they explain compulsion? // J. Psychopharmacol. - 1998 January. - Vol. 12. - P. 15-22.
  66. O'Brien C., Ternes J., Grabowski J., Ehrman R. Classically conditioned phenomena in human opiate addiction / In: Thompson T., Johnson C. (Eds.) Behavioral Pharmacology in Human Opiate Addiction. - US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. - 1981.
  67. Ooteman W., Koeter M.W., Vserheul R. et al. Measuring craving: an attempt to connect subjective craving with cue reactivity // Alcohol Clin Exp Res. - 2006 Jan. - Vol. 30(1). - P. 57-69.
  68. Perkins K.A. Does smoking cue-induced craving tell us anything important about nicotine dependence? // Addiction. - 2009, Oct. - Vol. 104 (10). - P. 1610-1616.
  69. Potgieter A.S., Deckers F., Geerlings P. Craving and relapse measurement in alcoholism // Alcohol Alcohol. - 1999 Mar-Apr. - Vol. 34 (2). - P. 254-260.
  70. Powell J., Bradley B., Gray J. Classical conditioning and cognitive determinants of subjective craving for opiates: an investigation of their relative contributions // Br J. Addict. - 1992 Aug. - Vol. 87 (8). - P. 1133-1144.
  71. Powell J., Gray J., Bradley B., Kasvikis Y. et al. The effect of exposure to drug-related cues in detoxified opiate addicts: a theoretical review and some new data // Addict Behav. - 1990. - Vol. 15. - P. 339-354.
  72. Raabe A., Grьsser S.M., Wessa M. et al. The assessment of craving: psychometric properties, factor structure and a revised version of the Alcohol Craving Questionnaire (ACQ) // Addiction. - 2005 Feb. - Vol. 100 (2). - P. 227-234.
  73. Robinson T.E., Berridge K.C. The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction // Brain Res Brain Res Rev. - 1993 Sep-Dec. - Vol. 18 (3). - P. 247-291.
  74. Robinson T., Berridge K. Addiction // Annu Rev Psychol. - 2003. - Vol. 54. - P. 25-53.
  75. Robinson T.E., Berridge K.C. Review. The incentive sensitization theory of addiction: some current issues // Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. - 2008. - Vol. 363. - P. 3137-3146.
  76. Rohsenow D.J., Monti P.M. Does urge to drink predict relapse after treatment? // Alcohol Res Health. - 1999. - Vol. 23 (3). - P. 225-232.
  77. Rosenberg H. Clinical and laboratory assessment of the subjective experience of drug craving // Clinical Psychology Review. - 2009. - Vol. 29. - P. 519-534.
  78. Sayette M., Monti P., Rohsenow D. et al. The effects of exposure on reaction time in male alcoholics // J. Stud Alcohol. - 1994. - Vol. 55. - P. 629-633.
  79. Shadel W.G., Niaura R., Brown R.A. et al. A content analysis of smoking craving // J. Clin Psychol. - 2001 Jan. - Vol. 57 (1). - P. 145-150.
  80. Sharma D., Albery I.P., Cook C. Selective attentional bias to alcohol related stimuli in problem drinkers and non-problem drinkers // Addiction. - 2001 Feb. - Vol. 96 (2). - P. 285-295.
  81. Shiffman S. Craving: don't let us throw the baby out with the bathwater // Br. J. Addict. - 1987. - Vol. 82. - P. 37-38.
  82. Shiffman S. Comments on craving // Addiction. - 2000. - Suppl. 2. - P. 171-175.
  83. Siegel S. Classical conditioning, drug tolerance and drug dependence / In: Smart R., Glaser F., Israel Y., Kalant H., Popham R., Schmidt W.E. (Eds.). Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems. - Plenum Press, New York, 1983.
  84. Siegel S. Drug anticipation and drug tolerance / In M. Lader (Eds.) Psychopharmacology of Addiction. - Oxford University Press, New York, 1988. - P. 73-97.
  85. Sinha R., Garcia M., Kreek M.J, Rounsaville B.J. Stress-induced cocaine craving and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses are predictive of cocaine relapse outcomes // Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. - 2006. - Vol. 63. - P. 324-331.
  86. Singleton E.G., Gorelick D.A. Mechanisms of alcohol craving and their clinical implications // In: Galanter M. ed. Recent developments in alcoholism: Volume 14. The Conse-quences of Alcoholism. - New York: Plenum Press, 1998. - P. 177-195.
  87. Singleton E.G., Henningfield J.E., Heishman T.E. et al. Multidimensional aspects of craving for alcohol. Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence, 1995.
  88. Solomon R., Corbit J. An opponent - process theory of motivation II: cigarette addiction // Journal of Abnormal Psychology. - 1973. - Vol. 81. - P. 158-171.
  89. Solomon R., Corbit J. An opponent-process theory of motivation: temporal dynamics of affect // Psychol Rev. - 1974. - Vol. 81. - P. 119-145.
  90. Stewart J., de Wit H., Eikelboom R. Role of unconditioned and conditioned drug effects in the self-administration of opiates and stimulants // Psychol. Rev. - 1984. - Vol. 91. - P. 251-268.
  91. Stewart J., Wise R.A. Reinstatement of heroin self-administration habits: morphine prompts and naltrexone discourages renewed responding after extinction // Psychopharmacology. - 1992. - Vol. 108. - P. 79-84.
  92. Swift R.M., Stout R.L. // J. Subst Abuse. - 1992. - Vol. 4 (1). - P. 19-26.
  93. Tiffany S.T. A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: role of automatic and nonautomatic processes // Psychological Review. - 1990. - Vol. 97. - P. 147-168.
  94. Tiffany S.T. Cognitive concepts of craving // Alcohol Res Health. - 1999. - Vol. 23 (3). - P. 215-224.
  95. Tiffany S., Carter B. Is craving the source of compulsive drug use? // J. Psychopharmacol. - 1998. - Vol. 12. - P. 23-30.
  96. Tiffany S.T., Conklin C.A. A cognitive processing model of alcohol craving and compulsive alcohol use // Addiction. - 2000. - Suppl. 2. - P. 145-153.
  97. Vanderschuren L.J., Pierce R.C. Sensitization processes in drug addiction // Curr Top Behav Neurosci. - 2010. - Vol. 3. - P. 179-195.
  98. Van Praag V., Kahn R., Asnis G., Wetzler S. et al. Denosologization of biological psychiatry or the specificity of 5-HT disturbances in psychiatric disorders // J. Affect Disord. - 1987. - Vol. 13. - P. 1-8.
  99. Verheul R., van den Brink W., Geerlings P. A three-pathway psychobiological model of craving for alcohol // Alcohol Alcohol. - 1999, Mar-Apr; Vol. 3, 4 (2). - P. 197-222.
  100. Vohs K., Schmeichel B. Self-regulation and the extended now: controlling the self alters the subjective experience of time // J. Personal Soc Psychol. - 2003. - Vol. 85. - P. 217-230.
  101. Volkow N.D., Fowler J.S., Wang G.J. The addicted human brain: Insights from imaging studies // The Journal of Clinical Investigation. - 2003. - Vol. 111 (10). - P. 1444-1451.
  102. Weiss F., Ciccocioppo R., Parsons L.H. et al. Compulsive drug-seeking behavior and relapse. Neuroadaptation, stress, and conditioning factors // Ann N Y Acad Sci. - 2001, Jun. - Vol. 937. - P. 1-26.
  103. West R. Use and misuse of cravings // Br J. Addict. - 1987. - Vol. 82. - P. 39-41.
  104. White N.M. Addictive drugs as reinforcers: multiple partial actions on memory systems // Addiction. - 1996. - Vol. 91. - P. 921-949.
  105. WHO Expert Committees on Mental Health and on Alcohol, 1955. The 'craving' for alcohol // Q. J. Stud Alcohol. - Vol. 16. - P. 33-66.
  106. Wikler A. Recent progress in research on the neurophysiological basis of morphine addiction // Am. J. Psychiatry. - 1948. - Vol. 105. - P. 329-338.
  107. Wikler A. Conditioning processes in opioid dependence and in relapse / In: Wikler A. (Ed.), Opioid dependence: mechanisms and treatment. - Plenum Press, New York, 1980.
  108. Wise R.A. The neurobiology of craving: implications for the understanding and treatment of addiction // J. Abnorm. Psychol. - 1988. - Vol. 97. - P. 118-132.
  109. Wise R.A., Bozarth M.A. Brain mechanisms of drug reward and euphoria // Psychiatr Med. - 1985. - Vol. 3. - P. 445-460.
  110. Wise R.A., Bozarth M.A. A psychomotor stimulant theory of addiction // Psychol. Relv. - 1987. - Vol. 94. - P. 369-392.
  111. World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. - Geneva, Switzerland: the Organization, 1992.
  112. Zack M., Tonetto T. Implicit activation of alcohol concepts by negative affective cues distinguishes between problem Drinkers with high and low psychiatric distress // Journal of Abnormal Psychology. - 1999. - Vol. 108. - P. 518-531.
  113. Zinberg N. Drug, Set and Setting: The basis for controlled intoxicant use. - Yale University Press, 1984.

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

Copyright (c) 2011 Zobin М.L.

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
СМИ зарегистрировано Федеральной службой по надзору в сфере связи, информационных технологий и массовых коммуникаций (Роскомнадзор).
Регистрационный номер и дата принятия решения о регистрации СМИ: серия ПИ № ФС 77 - 75562 от 12 апреля 2019 года.


This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies