The Impact of Genetic Polymorphisms in Toll-like Receptor Genes on Interaction with Helicobacter pylori

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Abstract

The aim of the study. To describe the interaction between Helicobacter pylori and Toll-like receptors, and to outline the role of TLRs gene polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of this infection.

Material and methods. An analysis of publications from 2000 to 2025 in PubMed, Scopus, and Elsevier databases was conducted.

In the present review the structure and classification of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), mechanisms of TLRs interaction with Helicobacter pylori, and the role of TLRs gene polymorphisms in infection pathogenesis were observed. Current evidence indicates that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLRs genes causing receptor dysfunction can significantly influence an individual’s susceptibility to Helicobacter pylori infection and determine the nature of inflammatory response, affecting complication risks. An important aspect of individual susceptibility to H. pylori-associated diseases are TLRs gene polymorphisms which regulate the intensity and nature of immune response. The most studied variants are: TLR4 Asp299Gly (rs4986790) and Thr399Ile (rs4986791), associated with lipopolysaccharide hyporesponsiveness and increased risk of atrophic gastritis; TLR5 (rs5744174) increasing gastric cancer risk in combination with H. pylori infection; and TLR9 (rs5743836) -1237T/C enhancing gene expression and predisposing to precancerous mucosal changes.

Conclusion. These data emphasize that infection outcomes depend not only on strain virulence but also on host genetic factors determining immune response efficacy. Genetic variations in TLRs genes may influence individual risks of severe complications, including gastric cancer. Further research in this field could facilitate the development of personalized approaches for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of H. pylori-associated diseases, as well as identify new targets for immunotherapy.

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About the authors

Irina Valerievna Baratova

A.S. Loginov Moscow Clinical Scientific Center, Moscow Department of Healthcare

Author for correspondence.
Email: i.baratova@mknc.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0005-2728-3455

Doctor of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics

Russian Federation, Novogireevskaya St., 1, Moscow, 111123

Natalia Alexandrovna Bodunova

A.S. Loginov Moscow Clinical Scientific Center, Moscow Department of Healthcare

Email: n.bodunova@mknc.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3119-7673

Gastroenterologist, Head of the Personalized Medicine Center, Head of the Moscow City Medical-Genetic Center, Candidate of Medical Sciences

Russian Federation, Novogireevskaya St., 1, Moscow, 111123

Tatiana Andreevna Deeva

I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University)

Email: deeva_t_a@staff.sechenov.ru

Gastroenterologist, Associate Professor of the Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Digital Biodesign and Modeling of Living Systems, Candidate of Medical Sciences

Russian Federation, Trubetskaya str., 8-2, Moscow, 119991

Dmitriy Stanislavovich Bordin

A.S. Loginov Moscow Clinical Scientific Center, Moscow Department of Healthcare; Russian University of Medicine; Tver State Medical University

Email: dbordin@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2815-3992

Head of the Department of Pancreatic, Biliary, and Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders, Moscow Department of Healthcare, professor of the Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases and Gastroenterology, professor of the Department of General Medical Practice and Family Medicine, Doctor of Medical Sciences

Russian Federation, Novogireevskaya St., 1, Moscow, 111123; Dolgorukovskaya St., 4, Moscow, 127006; Sovetskaya St., 4, Tver, 170100, Russian Federation

Margarita Viktorovna Chebotareva

A.S. Loginov Moscow Clinical Scientific Center, Moscow Department of Healthcare; Research Institute of Public Health Organization and Medical Management

Email: m.chebotareva@mknc.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0175-4328

Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Functional Diagnostics of Esophageal and Gastric Diseases, Moscow Department of Healthcare, specialist of the Organizational and Methodological Department on Gastroenterology, Research Institute of Public Health Organization and Medical Management

Russian Federation, Novogireevskaya St., 1, Moscow, 111123; Bolshaya Tatarskaya St., 30, Moscow, 115184

Larisa Alexandrovna Tsapkova

A.S. Loginov Moscow Clinical Scientific Center, Moscow Department of Healthcare

Email: l.capkova@mknc.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7206-8691

Biologist, Senior Researcher at the Laboratory of Oncogenetics and Hereditary Diseases, Moscow Department of Healthcare. Candidate of Sciences in Biology

Russian Federation, Novogireevskaya St., 1, Moscow, 111123

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