Vol 22, No 3 (2024)

The use of big data in medical practice is a promising direction in the development of digital personalised medicine. Legal regulation of the use of big data in medical practice is a relevant issue. Legal regulation of the use of big data is based on the need to ensure the confidentiality of medical data related to consequentialist (risks of negative consequences of dissemination of confidential information) and deontological (protection of confidential information as an independent value) concerns.

The purpose of our review is to summarise the issues arising from the point of view of legal regulation of the use of big data in medical practice and approaches to legal provision of the use of big data in medicine.

Material and methods. The analysis of the main foreign and domestic sources was carried out according to the RINC, Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed databases for the past 10 years.

Results. The main foreign models of legal regulation of big data use in medical practice have been analysed. The American model of legal regulation, stipulated in the HIPAA Privacy Rules (The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy Rule), is mainly focused on prevention of negative consequences of confidential medical data dissemination, due to which it is more open to innovation, but still contains some gaps in regulation. The European model of legal regulation, stipulated in the General European Regulation on the Protection of Personal Data (GDPR), is based on the protection of medical data as an independent value, which may not always be effective in terms of the use of big data in medical practice. The Russian regulation of big data use in medical practice is more similar to the European regulation and is also currently not sufficiently adapted for the use of big data in regular medical practice.

Conclusion. In Russia there is a number of legal initiatives aimed at forming a legal foundation for the use of big data in medical practice.

Introduction. Oxidative stress (OS) occurs in various pathological processes, and acting as a nonspecific link in their pathogenesis. Less is known about its physiological role.

The aim of study. Analysis of the results of world literature data and our own research on the participation of oxidative stress in the formation of adaptation processes in the body, under the influence of unfavorable environmental factors.

Methods. Analysis of the results of studies published in international databases (Pubmed, Elsevier) and Russian concerning the physiological role of OS, published over the past 20 years.

Results. The article presents numerous information that OS acts as a nonspecific link in the body’s adaptation. The implementation of its physiological effects is associated with a change in the redox state of the cytoplasm and mitochondria of the cell, which leads to the reversible oxidation of intracellular proteins and contributes to the modulation of their properties. As a result of this, the synthesis changes and the manifestation of the activity of a number of intracellular proteins (enzymes, chaperones, transcription factors) that provide protection from the action of damaging factors is modulated.

Conclusion. The authors conclude that it is inappropriate to use antioxidants for the treatment and prevention of diseases whose pathogenesis is associated with the occurrence of moderate oxidative stress (oxidative eustress).

Relevance. Ectopic secretion, which occurs in the early stages of tumor development, is not only one of the first signs of a neoplasm, but can also indicate the severity of the oncological process.

Purpose of the study: To evaluate the possibility of using the expression of sorcin, histamine and caldesmon to predict distant metastases of gastric, prostate and lung carcinomas.

Material and methods. The medical histories of 98 people and histological material from carcinomas of the stomach, prostate and lungs were studied. Using the method of immunohistochemistry, data were obtained on the relative area of expression of molecular markers in tumor cells – sorcin, histamine and caldesmon at various stages of tumor differentiation. Discriminant analysis was used to predict distant metastasis of carcinomas.

Results. It was found that the relative expression of sorcin, histamine and caldesmon is statistically significantly lower in tumors with a high degree of differentiation (G1–G2) than in low-grade ones (G3–G4). Moreover, the presence of metastases was registered only for tumors with a low degree of differentiation. The relative expression area of sorcin, histamine and caldesmon had a high correlation with tumor differentiation. To predict the occurrence of distant metastases based on the expression of biological markers, discriminant functions were generated. Evaluation of the resulting discriminant model showed the correctness of the forecast in 94.8% of cases.

Conclusion. The study found that high levels of the relative area of sorcin, histamine and caldesmon indicate low differentiation of adenocarcinomas in the stomach, prostate gland and lungs. These biological markers can be used to predict distant metastases for adequate selection of further treatment tactics.

Studies of post-radiation lesions of the pancreas after irradiation with charged particles (electrons, protons) are few, however, electron therapy is one of the promising methods in radiobiology and can be used to model post-radiation pancreatitis. The mechanisms of radiation-induced damage to the pancreas have not been fully elucidated, and studies of the life cycle of pancreatic cells after electron irradiation are rare. In addition, it is interesting to study changes in the proliferative-apoptotic balance of pancreatic structures protected from the effects of ionizing radiation by the introduction of N-acetylcysteine (NAC).

Material and methods. Wistar rats (n=50) were divided into four experimental groups: I – control (n=10); II (n=20) – fractional local irradiation with electrons; III (n=20) – administration of NAC before electron irradiation; IV (n=10) – administration of NAC. Animals of all groups (I – IV) were removed from the experiment a week after the last fraction. Fragments of pancreatic cancer were prepared for morphological and immunohistochemical tests (with antibodies to Ki-67 and caspase-8). Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. In the case of a normal distribution, the Student’s t-test was used, in the case of a non-normal distribution, the Mann–Whitney U-test was used.

Results. In group II, a week after fractional irradiation with electrons at a total dose of 25 Gy, an increase in the proportion of Ki-67-immunopositive cells and a decrease in the number of caspase-8-stained cells of pancreatic islets were found. Pre-irradiation administration of NAC reduced the degree of radiation damage to the pancreas, and staining parameters with antibodies to Ki-67 and caspase-8 were almost close to control values.

Conclusion. An immunohistochemical study of the pancreas revealed that local irradiation with electrons in summary dose 25 Gy after a week leads to a shift in the proliferative-apoptotic balance towards the death of pancreatic cells, which is partially restored with pre-irradiation administration of NAC, which indicates its protective effect.

Introduction. The study of mechanisms of multicellular system regulation and of cellular proliferation balanced status in the organism tissues is one of the actual task of modern biology and medicine.

Purpose of study. Effect of encoded amino acids combinations on the cellular proliferation in tissues of different genesis.

Methods. Organotypic tissue culture of 5-month rat cerebral cortex (ectodermal genesis), myocardium (mezodermal genesis), pancreas (entodermal genesis) was used for quick screening of biologically activity of amino acids.

Results. The stimulating cellular proliferation effect of encoded amino acids combinations on tissues was established. The square index (SI) of explants was increased statistically reliable on 38–70%, as compared to the control.

Conclusion. The data obtained produce the base for working of preparations for treatment of patients with pathology in cerebral cortex, myocardium and pancreas tissues.