Varicocelectomy in adolescents: who and when to operate


Cite item

Full Text

Open Access Open Access
Restricted Access Access granted
Restricted Access Subscription or Fee Access

Abstract

In studying the problem of varicocele in children and adolescents, there was a consistency of objectives chosen by researchers both today and half a century ago. Nearly all researchers start with phrases about the absence of reliable evidence of a direct negative impact of varicocele on male reproductive function, but yet they express confidence in the need for prophylactic varicocelectomy in children and adolescents in some cases. This demonstrates the necessity of prognostic indicators that could be used for selection of adolescents requiring surgery in circumstances of the limited feasibility of investigating the reproductive function.

Full Text

Restricted Access

About the authors

V. V Sizonov

SBEI HPE «Rostov State Medical University» of Minzdrav of Russia; SBI RR «Regional Children's Hospital»

A. G Makarov

SBI RR «Regional Children's Hospital»

Email: lexxrgmu@yandex.ru

A. I Kramarov

«Scientific Research Institute of Obstetrics and Pediatrics» of Minzdrav of Russia

Resident of Pediatric Uroandrology Department

M. I Kogan

SBEI HPE «Rostov State Medical University» of Minzdrav of Russia

References

  1. Pfeiffer D., Berger J., Schoop C., Tauber R. A Doppler-based study on the prevalence of varicocele in German children and adolescents. Andrologia. 2006;38:13.
  2. Tekgul S., Riedmiller E, Gerharz P., Hoebeke P., Kocvara R., Nijman R., Radmayr C., Stein R. Guidelines on paediatric urology. Arnhem, The Netherlands: European Association of Urology, European Society for Paediatric Urology; 2009. 23 р.
  3. World Health Organization. The influence of varicocele on parameters of fertility in a large group of men presenting to infertility clinics. Fertil Steril. 1992;57(6):1289-1293.
  4. Sakamoto H., Ogawa Y., Yoshida H. Relationship between testicular volume and varicocele in patients with infertility. Urology. 2008;71:104-109.
  5. Cayan S., Akbay E., Bozlu M., Doruk E, Erdem E., Acar D., Ulusoy E. The effect of varicocele repair on testicular volume in children and adolescents with varicocele. J. Urol. 2002;168:731-734.
  6. Haans L.C., Laven J.S., Mali W.P., te Velde E.R., Wensing C.J. Testis volumes, semen quality, and hormonal patterns in adolescents with and without a varicocele. Fertil Steril. 1991;56:731-736.
  7. Nieschlag E., Hertle L., Fischedick A., Abshagen K., Behre H.M. Update on treatment of varicocele: counselling as effective as occlusion of the vena spermatica. Hum. Reprod. 1998;13:2147-2150.
  8. Bogaert G., Orye C., De Win G. Pubertal screening and treatment for varicocele do not improve chance of paternity as adult. J. Urol. 2013;189(6):2298-2303.
  9. Kolon T.F. The adolescent varicocele - a Shakespearean tragedy or much ado about nothing? J. Urol. 2013;189(6):2024-2025.
  10. Hosli P.O. Varicocele - results following early treatment of children and adolescents]. Z Kinderchir. 1988 Jun;43(3):213-215.
  11. Okuyama A., Nakamura M., Namiki M., Takeyama M., Utsunomiya M., Fujioka H., Itatani H., Matsuda M., Matsumoto K., Sonoda T. Surgical repair of varicocele at puberty: preventive treatment for fertility improvement. J Urol. 1988;139(3):562-564.
  12. Hosli P. O. Early treatment of varicocele in children and adolescents. Helv. Chir. Acta. 1989;56(1-2) :229-233.
  13. Мазо Е.Б., Корякин М.В., Кудрявцев Ю.В. Роль нарушений минералоглюкокортикоидной функции надпочечников в развитии бесплодия у больных левосторонним варикоцеле. Урол. и нефрол. 1989;2:38-45.
  14. Kass E.J., Belman A.B. Reversal of testicular growth failure by varicocele ligation. J. Urol. 1987;137(3):475-476.
  15. Sigman M., Jarow J.P. Ipsilateral testicular hypotrophy is associated with decreased sperm counts in infertile men with varicoceles. J. Urol. 1997;158(2):605-607.
  16. Kass E.J., Freitas J.E., Bour J.B. Adolescent varicocele: objective indications for treatment. J. Urol.1989;142:579-582.
  17. Costabile R.A., Skoog S., Radowich M. Testicular volume assessment in the adolescent with a varicocele. J. Urol. 1992;147(5): 1348-1350.
  18. Афоко А.А. Сравнительный анализ активного наблюдения и сувингвинальной микрохирургии варикоцеле у подростков. Дисс. канд. мед. наук. М., 2009. 24 с.
  19. Thomas J.C., Elder J.S. Testicular growth arrest and adolescent varicocele: does varicocele size make a difference? J. Urol. 2002;168:1689-1691.
  20. Alukal J.P., Zurakowski D., Atala A., Bauer S.B., Borer J.G., Cilento B.G., Mandell J., Peters C.A., Paltiel H.J., Retik A.B., Diamond D.A. Testicular hypotrophy does not correlate with grade of adolescent varicocele. J. Urol. 2005;174(6):2367-2270.
  21. Diamond D.A., Zurakowski D.,Bauer S.B., Borer J.G., Peters C.A., Cilento B.G., Paltiel H.J., Rosoklija I., Retik A.B. Relationship of varicocele grade and testicular hypotrophy to semen parameters in adolescents. J. Urol. 2007;178:1584-1588.
  22. Kogan M.I., Afoko A., Siziakin D., Pipchenko O., Asamani-Asante A. Results of 104 adolescents with varicocele randomised to surgery or observation and followed up for 18 months. 24 st Annual EUA Congress, Stockholm, Sweden, 2009. Abstract 100. Eur. Urol. Suppl. 2009. P. 145.
  23. Kogan M.I., Afoko A., Siziakin D., Pipchenko O., Asamani-Asante A. Adolescent Varicocele: When should we intervene surgically? 24 st Annual EUA Congress, Stockholm, Sweden, 2009. Abstract 102. Eur. Urol. Suppl. 2009. P. 98.
  24. Коган М.И., Асанти-Асамани А., Афоко А., Тампуори Дж., Пипченко О.И. Варикоцеле: противоречия и проблемы. Урология. 2009;6:67-72.
  25. Kolon T.F., Clement M.R., Cartwright L., Bellah R., Carr M.C., Canning D.A., Snyder H.M. 3rd Transient asynchronous testicular growth in adolescent males with a varicocele. J. Urol. 2008;180:1111-1114.
  26. Preston M.A., Carnat T., Flood T., Gaboury I., Leonard M.P. Conservative management of adolescent varicoceles: a retrospective review. Urology. 2008;72( 1):77-80.
  27. Poon S.A., Gjertson C.K., Mercado M.A., Raimondi P.M., Kozakowski K.A., Glassberg K.I. Testicular asymmetry and adolescent varicoceles managed expectantly. J Urol. 2010;183:731-734.
  28. Van Batavia J.P., Woldu S.L., Raimondi P.M., Spencer B.A., Insel B.J., Poon S.A., Glassberg K.I. Adolescent varicocele: influence of Tanner stage at presentation on the presence, development, worsening and/or improvement of testicular hypotrophy without surgical intervention. J. Urol. 2010;184(4):1727-1732.
  29. Krause W., Hobel W. The lh-rh-test in men with fertility disorders (author’s transl). Z. Hautkr. 1976;51(21):919-926.
  30. Roulier R., Mattei A., Franchimont P. Estimation of FSH and LH before and after stimulation with LH-RH in male sterility and hypogonadism. Ann. Endocrinol. (Paris). 1976;37(6):407-424.
  31. Roulier R., Mattei A. Gonadotropins before and after LHRH in male infertility (259 cases) (author’s transl). Ann. Endocrinol. (Paris). 1976;37(2):115-116.
  32. Lipshultz L.I., Greenberg S.H., Caminos-Torres R., Snyder P.J. Supranormal FSH response to gonadotrophin-releasing hormone in oligospermic men with a normal basal serum FSH concentration. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 1977;7(2):103-109.
  33. Schwarzstein L., Aparicio N.J., Turner D., de Turner E.A., Premoli F., Rodriguez A., Schally A. V. Pituitary and testicular response to hypothalamic LH-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in normal and oligospermic men. Int. J. Fertil. 1976;(2):96-102.
  34. Okuyama A., Koide T., Itatani H., Sonoda T., Aono T., Mitsubayashi S., Yoshida T., Miyagawa M. Pituitary-gonadal function in schoolboys with varicocele and indications of varicocelectomy. Eur. Urol. 1981;7(2) :92-96.
  35. Тиктинский О.Л., Михайличенко В.В., Новиков И.Ф. Нарушение сперматогенной и андрогенной функции при варикоцеле. Урол. и нефрол. 1983;5:50-54.
  36. Ando S., Giacchetto C., Colpi G., Panno M.L., Beraldi E., Lombardi A., Sposato G. Plasma levels of 17-OH-progesterone and testosterone in patients with varicoceles. Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh). 1983; 102(3):463-469.
  37. Ando S., Giacchetto C., Colpi G., Beraldi E., Panno M.L., Lombardi A., Sposato G. Physiopathologic aspects of Leydig cell function in varicocele patients. J. Androl. 1984;5(3):163-170.
  38. Buch J.P., Cromie W.J. Evaluation and treatment of the preadolescent varicocele. Urol. Clin. North. Am. 1985;12(1):3-12.
  39. Kass E.J., Freitas J.E., Bour J.B. Adolescent varicocele: objective indications for treatment. J. Urol. 1989;142(2 Pt. 2):579-82.
  40. Cicigoi A., Bianchi M. Early diagnosis and correct treatment ofvaricocele in puberty. Arch. Ital. Urol. Nefrol. Androl. 1991;63(4):409-413.
  41. Aragona F., Ragazzi R., Pozzan G.B., De Caro R., Munari P.F., Milani C., Glazel G.P. Correlation of testicular volume, histology and LHRH test in adolescents with idiopathic varicocele. Eur. Urol. 1994;26(1):61-66.
  42. Podesta M.L., Gottlieb S., Medel R., Ropelato G., Bergada C., Quesada E.M. Hormonal parameters and testicular volume in children and adolescents with unilateral varicocele: preoperative and postoperative findings. J. Urol. 1994; 152(2 Pt. 2):794-797.
  43. Fideleff H.L., Boquete H., Ruibal G., Suarez M., Sobrado P., Zanchetti F., Perco M., Holland M. Varicocele in prepubertal boys. Evaluation of clinical Doppler and hormonal findings. Medicina (B Aires). 1996; 56(6):679-682.
  44. Pasqualini T., Knoblovits P., De Badiola F., Ruiz E. Hypothalamic- pituitary-gonadal damage in adolescents with varicocele. Medicina (B Aires). 1996;56(2): 138-142.
  45. Osuna J.A., Lozano J.R., Cruz I., Tortolero I. Pituitary and testicular function in adolescents with varicocele. Arch. Androl. 1999; 43(3): 183-188.
  46. Andersson A.M., Muller J., Skakkebaek N.E. Different roles of prepubertal and postpubertal germ cells and Sertoli cells in the regulation of serum inhibin B levels. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1998;83(12):4451-4458.
  47. Andersson A.M., Skakkebaek N.E. Serum inhibin B levels during male childhood and puberty. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2001; 180(1-2): 103-107.
  48. Carrillo A., Gershbein A., Glassberg K.I., Danon M. Serum inhibin B levels and the response to gonadotropin stimulation test in pubertal boys with varicocele. J. Urol. 1999;162(3 Pt. 1):875-877.
  49. Trigo R.V., Bergada I., Rey R., Ballerini M.G., Bedecarras P., Bergada C., Gottlieb S., Campo S. Altered serum profile of inhibin B, Pro-alphaC and anti-Mullerian hormone in prepubertal and pubertal boys with varicocele. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 2004; 60(6):758-764.
  50. Turkyilmaz Z., Karabulut R., Sonmez K., Demirogullari B., Ozen O., Moralioglu S., Karak-щ C., Baqaklar C., Kale N. Inhibin B levels in peripheral vein do not correlate with inhibin B levels in the spermatic vein in adolescents with varicocele. Arch. Androl. 2006;52(4):325-328.
  51. Romeo C., Arrigo T., Impellizzeri P., Manganaro A., Antonuccio P., Di Pasquale G., Messina M.F., Marseglia L., Formica I., Zuccarello B. Altered serum inhibin b levels in adolescents with varicocele. J. Pediatr. Surg. 2007;42(2):390-394.
  52. Paduch D.A., Niedzielski J. Semen analysis in young men with varicocele: preliminary study. J. Urol. 1996;156(2 Pt. 2):788-790.
  53. Kozakowski K.A., Gjertson C.K., Decastro G.J., Poon S., Gasalberti A., Glassberg K.I. Peak retrograde flow: a novel predictor of persistent, progressive and new onset asymmetry in adolescent varicocele. J. Urol. 2009 ;181 (6) :2717-2722.
  54. Van Batavia J.P., Badalato G., Fast A., Glassberg K.I. Adolescent varicocele- is the 20/38 harbinger a durable predictor of testicular asymmetry? J. Urol. 2013; 189(5): 1897-1901.
  55. Van Batavia J.P., Fast A.M., Nees S.N., Mercado M.A., Gaselberti A., Glassberg K.I. Incidence, significance and natural history of persistent retrograde venous flow after varicocelectomy in children and adolescents: correlation with catch-up growth. J. Urol. 2013; 190(2) :689-695.
  56. Waalkes R., Manea I.F., Nijman J.M. Varicocele in adolescents: a review and guideline for the daily practice. Arch. Esp. Urol. 2012; 65( 10):859-871.

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies