Bioethics

In article it is showed that modern culture contains disintegrating mecanisms. It is indicated also that modern culture has limits in its development. The restoration of the traditional cultural space on the basis of bioethical paradigm which is interpreted as neotraditionalism follows as a result.

The article explores the problems of bioethics in the cultural paradigm of post-modernism and the ways of their solution. Denying the realness of philosophical theories and universal principles in bioethics, postmodernism has generated a number of negative consequences. A large number of contradictory and mutually exclusive bioethical theories emerged. As a result, common bioethical principles, universal moral and cultural values are disappearing. The way out is phronesis (practical wisdom), which is carried out by judgments in each particular case. Phronesis judges from praxis, involves the implementation and development of values and standards in bioethics, underlies bioethical decision.

In the article, in historical retrospect, various approaches are discussed addressing the global problems of mankind - reducing the number of hereditary diseases. Perceptions of genetic diversity and the regulation of marriage are reflected in the works of well-known philosophers. Special interest in such ideas was seen in the second half of the XIX century. It was the time when competitiveness between states and people have become increasingly high. People thought about creating a «dominant nation» which would become a winner over all its competitors. By the end of the XIX century eugenics was created - the science of improving the human race. Initially, eugenics tried to promote the idea of producing a healthy human, but by the twentieth century slogans aimed at reducing the spread of hereditary diseases began to appear. Soon, many scientists gave more thought about the ethical side and effectiveness of eugenic doings. Nowadays the society again started talking about the health of future generations, raising the issue of diseases prevention, including endogenous nature. The article shows that the nation's health issues currently acquire special scientific and axiological relevance.

Bioethical reflection of social problems may be inappropriate and act as a related research product in various Sciences. The analysis of articles of the category "People in the city" Russian peer-reviewed journal "Sociology of city" shows that bioethical context inherent in any social research. Most often sociologists record characteristics of the moral status of medical institutions, moral position of doctors and patients, ethical culture of relations in medicine. Regular content analysis of sociological and other similar publications with the aim of expressing their bioethical content. This will contribute to increase of knowledge in the bioethics.

The article deals with the right of children to health in the light of recent Russian laws on health protection of citizens. The examples of parents’ responsibility for oral health of their children and doctors’ responsibility for dental treatment of children without parents’ informed consent are discussed. The authors concluded that dentists’ compliance with the existing laws and regulations may conflict with children’ interests and violate their right to health. The right of children under 15 years of age to preventive and curative care should be legally defined (if parents do not care about their children’s health due to socio-economical or other circumstances).

Introduction in the registry of medical specialities of a trade "doctor-cosmetician" has generated many questions of medical, social and ethic-legal character. Participants of the Round table were unanimous that institutiolisation a new trade assumes more precise development of educational programs, standardization of rendered services, differentiation of medical, improving and aesthetic interventions. The divergence of opinions on a parity of dermatology and cosmetology is noted -one experts insist on their relative independence, others consider cosmetology as « applied dermatology».