Vol 8, No 1 (2015)

At the turn of the century, problems of bioethics and biopolitics attract attention of many researchers. However, there is no precise definition of these phenomenons in the science. For the solution of this task we use the methodology of the observation philosophy, which was developed by A.M. Piatigorsky. Thereby, this investigation presupposes exposing of basic categories of bioethics / biopolitics. In this article we establish that the notion of «homo sacer» is the «shifters», that mean conversion from bioethical to biopolitical point of view. It is realized that the biopolitics has a futuristic character, refers to the notion of benefit as the highest good, when we applied the notion of homo sacer to the problem of IVF. In addition, bioethics is directed to the preserve the life.

There is a close correlation between bioethics and law. The extension of the scope of the relationship regulating by law depends on social developments. However, there are various contradictions between law and morality in societies. In the present article attempts to articulate the problems of modern bioethics and law, namely the law enforcement practice in the field of human rights and the development of human rights approaches in the health system. Of course, it would be a profound mistake to reduce all the problems in the relationship between the doctor, patient and society to the code of laws. However, to downplay the role of law as a social regulator.

Priority public policy in modern Russia is the realization of citizens’ rights to health care and medical care. Increased funding for health care and new social programs stabilized the situation, but the health of Russians didn’t improve radically. There is an increase in incidence, morbidity and mortality among the population. The mortality rate by reason of incurable diseases remains high, especially among children and youth. Medical institutions now are sufficiently staffed by expensive diagnostic equipment, but it is used inefficiently. In many cases this is due to the lack of doctors’ competence that is the reason of certain ethical attitudes and diagnostic errors. Proof of this is given in the article as extracts from the case history of patients with different disease profile. There are considering the cases of oncology, gynecology, therapeutics, pediatrics and dentistry. In connection with the situation there is the new tendency among the population - desperate to get qualified assistance in Russia and financial support from the state, terminally ill people are trying to be treated abroad, gaining cash through the media and charitable organizations. But foreign clinics in most cases provide quality medical care, and the diseases become «quite curable». Despite the high level of Russian doctors’ professionalism, they are not adequately focused on the treatment of serious diseases. Unnormalized workloads of doctors and low wages have led to reducing the effectiveness of the treatment process, empathy reduction, stress reduction, professional burnout among doctors. Now many of the «curable» diseases have a tendency to atypical progressing course and the occurrence of complications, it is necessary to conduct new clinical trials to develop effective approaches to treatment. Upper respiratory tract infection has a particularly aggressive form, leading to death. This phenomenon requires a more careful study and development of a new generation of antiviral drugs. To improve the situation Russian government should provide special funds for the purchase of diagnostic and therapeutic equipment with focused on the Russian medical technology and increase its quality to international standards, extension of modern medical technology, training doctors and traineeship in foreign clinics.

Psychodynamic methods are well-known as an effective tool in increasing students’ self-mindedness, setting up reflection thinking strategies and improving their communication skills. The article represents an evaluation and review of the latest foreign studies on moral decision-making. The author introduces the number of recent Russian psycho-diagnostics development through and by which a comprehensive understanding of the emotional and the ethical processes have been achieved. The paper proposes the original method to deal with ethical reasoning. Using it as a tool enables a teacher to diagnose the ethical attitudes of students and the level of their inadequacy if exists. Moreover, the decision-making algorithms in case of ethical dilemmas may be worked through and reorganized in the teaching process applying this method.

The article describes clinical case of intensive care and nursing of premature babies suffering from several serious diseases. The authors show the arguments of doctors, the mother of the child, give them legal and ethical evaluation. The main conclusion of the article is the statement of the absolute values of life compared to other human values. The question is, is it moral to preserve life, prolonging suffering? The authors pay attention to role of ethical committees in resolving conflicts between doctor and patient or his representative. The authors note the difference in the capabilities of the treatment and nursing of a child in full-time and part family, recognize the need to attract doctors - obstetrician-gynecologists to solving complex issues in neonatology.

Dental caries is the most common dental disease. The paper presents a clinical case of the doctor-patient relationship in choosing the method of treatment of initial caries. Innovative technologies of treatment are offered: the infiltration method (ICON) when the esthetic effect of treatment depends on intensity of pigmentation of spot lesions; method of minimal intervention tooth preparation and sealing with flowable composite (achievement of excellent esthetic result). The authors have identified the importance of social factors - individual doctor - patient relationship as motivation in choice between the aesthetic and the invasive component of treatment.

Pain, going along the disease, often appears to be the cause of patient suffering. Opioid analgesics are the most effective drugs in the treatment of acute and chronic pain. However, not always patients can get the necessary preparations for the relief of pain. Terms of activities related to legal turnover of controlled substances are strictly regulated by state. The article deals with some problems with prescribing narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances for pain relief to cancer patients in the clinics.

Self-protective behavior ethnos is a natural process. Ethnic extinction feels some discomfort in different areas, taken private measures to eliminate it. And there are already modifications ethical standards and legislative change. Liberal-moral issues of cloning, euthanasia, surrogate motherhood / fatherhood, homosexuality, etc. are signs of such self-preservation behavior. Therefore, assessment and standards in modern bioethics cannot be exactly the same for all countries and peoples; they must correspond to ethnic age of this particular ethnic group.

The special nature of genetic information produces another ethical dilemma: the conflict between principle of respect for autonomy and principle of «do no harm». It’s important to develop the procedure of ethical review cases when it is necessary to violate the privacy of a patient without his consent to the notification of his family members are potentially exposed to the risk of disease.