Epidemiological features of hepatitis B and C in the Arctic Region


Cite item

Full Text

Open Access Open Access
Restricted Access Access granted
Restricted Access Subscription or Fee Access

Abstract

The data of domestic and foreign literature on the epidemiology of parenteral viral hepatitis among the population of the Arctic region are analyzed. High prevalence of HBsAg was shown in Alaska (3-23.1%), Greenland (3.3-29%) and the Canadian Arctic (3-4%) in the 1960-80s. In the Arctic territory of Russia in 1990-2000, a high incidence of hepatitis B virus infection was also detected (1.8-11.8%). Implementation of mass hepatitis B immunization programs in 1980-1990 led to a decrease in the incidence of hepatic cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and mortality from them in subarctic countries. The incidence of hepatitis D virus among HBsAg-positive individuals in Greenland and the Arctic territory of Russia was more than 7%, while no infection was found in Alaska and in the Canadian Arctic. Antibodies to the hepatitis C virus were more often detected among the population of the Russian Arctic (0.9-2.9%) compared to the Arctic territories of other countries (less than 1%). In most Arctic regions, the prevalence of chronic viral hepatitis among the indigenous population is significantly higher than among the non-indigenous population. In some territories, the markers frequency among indigenous people differs by several times between neighboring areas and residential places. There are features of the distribution of virus genotypes in subarctic countries. The D genotype of the hepatitis B virus dominates in Russia and Alaska, the B genotype - in Canada and Greenland. Genotype 1b is the predominant hepatitis C virus genotype in the Russian Arctic (60%), whereas 1a - in Alaska and Canada (42 and 81%, respectively).

Full Text

Restricted Access

About the authors

Bulat A. Zalyalov

Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being

Email: mr.bulat6@gmail.com
Resident

Nikolay N. Pimenov

Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being

Email: n.pimenov@mail.ru
Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Epidemiology

Svetlana V. Komarova

Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being

Email: mail: svetlana.komarova@pcr.ru
Researcher, Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Epidemiology

Inga V. Karandashova

Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being

Email: inga.karadashova@pcr.ru
Cand. Biol. Sci., Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Epidemiology

Vladimir P. Chulanov

Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University)

Email: vladimir.chulanov@rcvh.ru
MD, Head, Scientific Advisory Clinical Diagnostic Centre; Professor, Department of Infectious Diseases

References

  1. Лукин Ю.Ф. Статус, состав, население российской арктики. Арктика и Север 2014; 324: 57-94.
  2. FitzSimons D., McMahon B., Hendrickx G., Vorsters A., Van Damme P. Burden and prevention of viral hepatitis in the Arctic region. Copenhagen, Denmark, 22-23 March 2012. Int. J. Circumpolar Health. 2013; 72: 21163.
  3. Dudarev A.A., Dorofeyev V.M., Dushkina EV., Alloyarov P.R., Chupakhin V.S., Sladkova Y.N. et al. Food and water security issues in Russia III: Food- and waterborne diseases in the Russian Arctic, Siberia and the Far East, 2000-2011. Int. J. Circumpol. Heal. 2013; 72: 21856.
  4. Ревич Б.А., Чащин В.П, Харькова Т.Л., Кваша Е.А. Влияние глобальных климатических изменений на здоровье населения российской Арктики. М.: Представительство ООН в Российской Федерации, 2008. 28 с.
  5. Истомин П.В., Волова Л.Ю., Мефодьев В.В., Романова А.А. Факторы риска ВИЧ-инфекции среди коренных малочисленных народов и мигрантов Крайнего Севера. Эпидемиол. и инфекц. бол. 2017; 22(3): 128-33.
  6. Badur S., Blystad H., Bonanni P., Goldberg D., Dominguez A., Emiroglu N. et al. Burden and prevention of viral hepatitis in the Arctic region. Viral. Hepat. Prev. Board. 2013; 72: 1-28.
  7. ВОЗ. Гепатит B. http://www.who.int/ru/news-room/fact-sheets/ detail/hepatitis-b.
  8. Blach S., Zeuzem S., Manns M., Altraif I., Duberg A.-S., Muljono D.H. et al. Global prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in 2015: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2017; (2): 161-76.
  9. Rizzetto M. Hepatitis D Virus: Introduction and Epidemiology. Cold Spring Harb Perspect. Med. 2015; (5): a021576.
  10. Arauz-Ruiz P., Norder H., Robertson B.H. MLO. Genotype H: a new Amerindian genotype of hepatitis B virus revealed in Central America. J. Gen. Virol. 2002; 83: 2059-73.
  11. Le Gal F., Gault E., Ripault M.P., Serpaggi J., Trinchet J.C., Gordien E. et al. Eighth major clade for hepatitis delta virus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2006; (12): 1447-50.
  12. Smith D.B., Bukh J., Kuiken C., Muerhoff A.S., Rice C.M., Stapleton J.T. et al. Expanded classification of hepatitis C virus into 7 genotypes and 67 subtypes: Updated criteria and genotype assignment web resource. Hepatology 2014; 59: 318-27.
  13. Croagh C.M., Desmond P.V., Bell S.J. Genotypes and viral variants in chronic hepatitis B: A review of epidemiology and clinical relevance. World J. Hepatol. 2015; (7): 289-303.
  14. Taherkhani R., Farshadpour F. Global elimination of hepatitis C virus infection: Progresses and the remaining challenges. World J. Hepatol. 2017; (9): 1239-52.
  15. Barrett D.H., Burks J.M., McMahon B., Elliott S., Berquist K.R, Bender T.R. et al. Epidemiology of hepatitis B in two Alaska communities. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1977; 105: 118-22.
  16. Schreeder M.T., Bender T.R., McMahon B.J., Moser M.R., Murphy B.L., Sheller M.J. et al. Prevalence ofhepatitis B in selected Alaskan Eskimo villages. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1983; 118: 543-9.
  17. McMahon B.J.,AlwardW.L., Hall D.B., HeywardW.L., Bender T.R., Donald P.F. et al. Acute hepatitis B infection: relationship of age to the clinical expression of disease and the subsequent development of the carrier state. J. Infect. Dis. 1985; 151: 599-603.
  18. McMahon B.J., Rhoades E.R., Heyward W.L., Tower E., Ritter D., Lanier A.P., Wainwright R.B. Comprehensive programme to reduce the incidence of hepatitis B virus infection and its sequelae in Alaskan Natives. Lancet 1987; (2): 1134-6.
  19. Harpaz R., McMahon B.J., Margolis H.S., Shapiro C.N., Havron D., Carpenter G. et al. Elimination of New Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infections: Results of the Alaska Immunization Program. J. Infect. Dis. 2000; 181: 413-8.
  20. McMahon B.J., Bulkow L.R., Singleton R.J., Williams J., Snowball M., Homan C. et al. Elimination of hepatocellular carcinoma and acute hepatitis B in children 25 years after a hepatitis B newborn and catch-up immunization program. Hepatology 2011; 54: 801-7.
  21. Sakamoto T., Tanaka Y., Simonetti J., Osiowy C., Borresen M.L., Koch A.. et al. Classification of hepatitis B virus genotype B into 2 major types based on characterization of a novel subgenotype in Arctic indigenous populations. J. Infect. Dis. 2007;.196: 1487-92
  22. Osiowy C., Shen L., Bouckaert R., Simons B.C., Krarup H., Friesen T.M. Tracing hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype B5 (formerly B6) evolutionary history in the circumpolar Arctic through phylogeographic modelling. Peer J. 2017; (5): e3757.
  23. McMahon B.J., Alberts S.R., Wainwright R.B., Bulkow L., Lanier A.P. Hepatitis B-related sequelae. Prospective study in 1400 hepatitis B surface antigen-positive Alaska native carriers. Arch. Int. Med. 1990; 150: 1051-4.
  24. Osiowy C., Larke B., Giles E. Distinct geographical and demographic distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes in the Canadian Arctic as revealed through an extensive molecular epidemiological survey. J. Viral. Hepat. 2011; 18: e11-9.
  25. Livingston S.E., Simonetti J.P., McMahon B.J., Bulkow L.R., Hurlburt K.J., Homan C.E. et al. Hepatitis B virus genotypes in Alaska Native people with hepatocellular carcinoma: preponderance of genotype F. J. Infect. Dis. 2007; 195: 5-11.
  26. Gounder P.P., Bulkow L.R., Snowball M., Negus S., Spradling P.R., McMahon B.J. Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk in Alaska Native Children and Young Adults with Hepatitis B Virus: Retrospective Cohort Analysis. J. Pediatr. 2016; 178: 206-13.
  27. McMahon B.J., Hennessy T.W, Christensen C., Bruden D., Sullivan D.G., Homan C. et al. Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Hepatitis C in Alaska Natives. Hepatology 2004; 39: 325-32.
  28. Osiowy C., Simons B.C., Rempel J.D. Distribution of viral hepatitis in indigenous populations of North America and the circumpolar Arctic. Antivir. Ther. 2013; 18: 467-73.
  29. Byrd K.K., Redd J.T., Holman R.C., Haberling D.L., Cheek J.E. Changing trends in viral hepatitis-associated hospitalizations in the American Indian/Alaska Native population, 1995-2007. Public Heal Rep. 2011; 126: 816-25.
  30. Fischer G.E., Bialek S.P., Homan C.E., Livingston S.E., McMahon B.J. Chronic Liver Disease among Alaska-Native People, 2003-2004. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2009; 104: 363-70.
  31. Bruden D., McMahon B.J., Townshend-Bulson L., Gounder P.P., Gove J. Risk ofEnd Stage Liver Disease, Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Liver-Related Death By Fibrosis Stage in the Hepatitis C Alaska. Cohort. Pers Psychol. 2017; 66: 37-45.
  32. Minuk G.Y., Nicolle L.E., Postl B., Waggoner J.G., Hoofnagle J.H. Hepatitis virus infection in an isolated canadian inuit (Eskimo) population. J. Med. Virol. 1982; (10): 255-64.
  33. Larke R.P.B., Froese G.J., Devine R.D.O., Petruk M.W. Extension of the Epidemiology of Hepatitis B in Circumpolar Regions Through a Comprehensive Serologic Study in the Northwest Territories of Canada. J. Med. Virol. 1987; 22: 269-76.
  34. Ratnam S., Head C.B., Butler R.W. Lack of evidence of hepatitis D (delta) infection in Newfoundland and Labrador. CMAJ 1986; 134: 905-7.
  35. National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI). Hepatitis B vaccine. Canadian Immunization Guide, 2017. https://www. canada. ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/ canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-7-hepatitis-b-vaccine. html
  36. Centre for Communicable Diseases and Infection Control. Brief Report: Hepatitis B Infection in Canada. 2008; 1-13. http://www. phac-aspc.gc.ca/id-mi/hepatitisBCan-hepatiteBCan-eng.php
  37. Huynh C., Minuk G.Y., Uhanova J., Baikie M., Wong T., Osiowy C. Serological and molecular epidemiological outcomes after two decades of universal infant hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination in Nunavut, Canada. Vaccine 2017; 35: 4515-22.
  38. Minuk G.Y., Uhanova J. Viral hepatitis in the Canadian Inuit and First Nations populations. Can. J. Gastroenterol. 2003; 17: 707-12.
  39. Parmar P., Corsi D.J., Cooper C. Distribution of Hepatitis C Risk Factors and HCV Treatment Outcomes among Central Canadian Aboriginal. Can. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2016; 2016: 8987976.
  40. Skinhoj P. Hepatitis and hepatitis B-antigen in Greenland. II: Occurrence and interrelation of hepatitis B associated surface, core, and «e» antigen-antibody systems in a highly endemic area. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1977; 105: 99-106.
  41. Olsen O.R., Skinhoj P., Krogsgaard K., Baek L. Hepatitis B - an endemic sexually transmitted infection in a local community in Greenland. Ugeskr Laeger 1989; 151: 1668-70.
  42. Langer B.C.A., Frosner G.G., von Brunn A. Epidemiological study of viral hepatitis types A, B, C, D and E among Inuits in West Greenland. J. Viral. Hepat. 1997; (4): 339-49.
  43. Krarup H.B., Andersen S., Madsen P.H., Okkels H., Hvingel B.H., Laurberg P. Benign course of long-standing hepatitis B virus infection among Greenland Inuit? Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 2008; 43: 334-43.
  44. Borresen M.L., Koch A., Biggar R.J., Andersson M., Wohlfahrt J., Ladefoged K. et al. Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Other Liver Disease Among Greenlanders Chronically Infected with Hepatitis B Virus: A Population-Based Study. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 2011; 103: 1676-85.
  45. Rex K.F., Krarup H.B., Laurberg P., Andersen S. Liver biochemistry and associations with alcohol intake, hepatitis B virus infection and Inuit ethnicity: a population-based comparative epidemiological survey in Greenland and Denmark. Int. J. Circumpolar Health. 2016; 75: 29528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v75.29528
  46. Borresen M.L., Olsen O.R., Ladefoged K., McMahon B.J., Hjuler T., Panum I. et al. Hepatitis D outbreak among children in a hepatitis B hyper-endemic settlement in Greenland. J. Viral. Hepat. 2010; 17: 162-70.
  47. Rex K.F., Krarup H.B., Laurberg P., Andersen S. Population-based comparative epidemiological survey of hepatitis B, D, and C among Inuit migrated to Denmark and in high endemic Greenland. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 2012; 47: 692-701.
  48. Rex K.F., Andersen S., Krarup H.B. Hepatitis B among Inuit: A review with focus on Greenland Inuit. World J. Hepatol. 2015; 7(9): 1265-71.
  49. Borresen M.L., Koch A., Biggar R.J., Ladefoged K., Melbye M., Wohlfahrt J. et al. Effectiveness of the targeted hepatitis B vaccination program in Greenland. Am. J. Public. Health 2012; 102: 277-84.
  50. Mereckiene J., Cotter S., Lopalco P., d’Ancona F., Levy-Bruhl D., Giambi C. et al. Hepatitis B immunisation programmes in European Union, Norway and Iceland: where we were in 2009? Vaccine 2010; 28: 4470-7.
  51. Соколова Ф.Х. Коренные малочисленные народы Арктики: концепт, современное состояние культуры. Арктика и Север 2013; (12): 1-19.
  52. Lernout T., Hendrickx G., van Damme P. Two decades of the VHPB: achievements, impact and remaining challenges in prevention and control of viral hepatitis. Survey on prevention and control of viral hepatitis in 53 European countries. 2014. http:// www.vhpb.org/files/html/Meetings_and _publications/Other_ VHPB_documents/SURVEY2014.pdf
  53. Нетесова И.Г., Ярославцева O.A., Дрыга СА., Посух O.Л., Осипова Л.П., Бронштейн Е.Л. Частота встречаемости маркеров вирусных гепатитов А, В, С у коренного населения севера Западной Сибири. Вопр. вирусол. 1995; 40(4): 172-4.
  54. Ohba K., Mizokami M., Kato T., Ueda R., Gurtsenvitch V., Senyuta N. et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and GB virus-C infections in Siberia. Epidemiol. Infect. 1999; 122: 139-43.
  55. Dobrodeeva L.K., Kornienko E.B., Petrenya N.N., Lutfalieva G.T., Schegoleva L.S., Demeneva LV. et al. A unique seroepidemiological pattern of HBV, HCV and HTLV-I in nenets and komi in Northwestern Russia. Asian Pacific J. Cancer Prev. 2005; (6): 342-5.
  56. Чуланов В.П. Эпидемиологическое и клиническое значение генетической гетерогенности вирусов гепатита А и В. Автореф. дис.. д-ра. мед. наук. М, 2013.
  57. Семенов С.И., Саввин Р.Г., Кривошапкин В.Г., Индеева Л.Д., Чемезова Р.И., Павлов Н.Н, Эпидемиологическая характеристика гепатитов с парентеральным механизмом передачи возбудителей в Якутии. Дальневосточный журнал инфекционной патологии 2004; (2): 20-3.
  58. Зотова А.В., Авад А.Ж., Цыкина М.Н. Значение определения вирусной нагрузки при гепатитах В и C в относительно замкнутых популяциях малых народов. Дальневосточный журнал инфекционной патологии 2010; 16: 23-6.
  59. Слепцова С.С. Парентеральные вирусные гепатиты и их исходы в Республике Саха (Якутия). М.: Медлит. 2017. 216 с.
  60. Семенов А.В., Останкова Ю.В., Герасимова В.В., Бичурина М.А., Козлов А.В., Мукомолов С.Л., Тотолян А.А. Молекулярно-эпидемиологические особенности изолятов вируса гепатита C из разных регионов республики Cаха (Якутия). Инфекция и иммунитет 2015; (5): 359-72.
  61. Слепцова С.С., Тихонова Н.Н., Семенова В.К., Рахманова А.Г., Аммосова М.К. Организация медицинской помощи пациентам с хроническими вирусными гепатитами в Республике Саха (Якутия). Казанский медицинский журнал 2014; 95: 726-30.
  62. Arctic.ru. География. http://ru.arctic.ru/geographics/.
  63. Лукин Ю.Ф. Арктические проекты межрегиональной интеграции. Арктика и Север 2013; 13: 14-32.

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

Copyright (c) 2019 Bionika Media

This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies