HEPATITIS D. THE PRESENT STATE OF THE PROBLEM AND UNSOLVED PROBLEMS
- Authors: SYUTKIN V.E.1, SALIENKO A.A1
-
Affiliations:
- Moscow Liver Transplantation Center, N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Care
- Issue: No 4 (2013)
- Pages: 45-49
- Section: Articles
- URL: https://journals.eco-vector.com/2226-6976/article/view/276956
- ID: 276956
Cite item
Open Access
Access granted
Abstract
The discovery of hepatitis D virus (HDV) dates back to the mid-1970s and is associated with the detection of a novel nuclear antigen in patients with severe forms of hepatitis B. HDV is present in all age groups and widespread, but not in all regions of the world at equal frequency. HDV genomes of different isolates present about 40% heterogeneity. There are at least 8 HDV genotypes with varying prevalence rates. HDV is the least among the animal RNA viruses, the replication of which depends on the enzyme systems of a host hepatocyte and the virion assembly is related to the protein structures of hepatitis B virus (HBV). HDV RNA encodes the only protein -HDAg. Minor protein is a major transcription product. Since HBV is essential for the assembly and intercellular spread of HDV, the infection caused by the latter is generally related to HBV infection. Hepatitis may have a severe course and show two peaks for the enhanced activity of transaminases. The main cause of death in patients with chronic hepatitis B + D is hepatic failure in the outcome of liver cirrhosis. Together with interferons, direct-acting antiviral agents are used to treat chronic hepatitides B and C. Standard interferon-a andpegylated interferon-a are the only class of medicines that may ensure 25-30% steady-state HDV viremia elimination.
Keywords
Full Text
About the authors
Vladimir E. SYUTKIN
Moscow Liver Transplantation Center, N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Care
Email: vsyutkin@kurkino.net.ru
Moscow
A. A SALIENKO
Moscow Liver Transplantation Center, N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency CareMoscow
References
- RizzettoM., CaneseM.G.,AricoS. etal. Immunofluorescence detection of new antigen-antibody system (delta/anti-delta) associated to hepatitis B virus in liver and in serum of HBsAg carriers. Gut 1977; 18(12): 997-1003.
- Rizzetto M., Canese M.G., Gerin J.L. et al. Transmission of the hepatitis B virus-associated delta antigen to chimpanzees. J. Infect. Dis. 1980; 141(5): 590-602.
- Rizzetto M., Hoyer B., Canese M.G. et al. Delta Agent: association of delta antigen with hepatitis B surface antigen and RNA in serum of delta-infected chimpanzees. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1980; 77(10): 6124-6128.
- Wang K.S., Choo Q.L., Weiner A.J. et al. Structure, sequence and expression of the hepatitis delta (delta) viral genome. Nature 1986; 323(6088): 508-514.
- De Paschale M., Manco M.T., Belvisi L. et al. Epidemiology of hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection in an urban area of Northern Italy. Infection 2012; 40(5): 485-491.
- Le Gal F., Gault E., Ripault M.P. et al. Eighth major clade for hepatitis delta virus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2006; 12(9): 1447-1450.
- Casey J.L., Niro G.A., Engle R.E. et al. Hepatitis B virus (HBV)/hepatitis D virus (HDV) coinfection in outbreaks of acute hepatitis in the Peruvian Amazon basin: the roles of HDV genotype III and HBV genotype F. J. Infect. Dis. 1996; 174(5): 920-926.
- Su C.W., Huang Y.H., Huo T.I. et al. Genotypes and viremia of hepatitis B and D viruses are associated with outcomes of chronic hepatitis D patients. Gastroenterology 2006; 130(6): 1625-1635.
- Mederacke I., Yurdaydin C., GroBhennig A. et al. Renal function during treatment with adefovir plus PegIFN alfa-2a vs either drug alone in hepatitis B/D coinfection. J. Viral. Hepat. 2012; 19: 387-395.
- Devlin J., Smith H.M., O’grady J.G. et al. Impact of immunoprophylaxis and patient selection on outcome of transplantation for HBsAg-positive liver recipients. J. Hepatol. 1994; 21(2): 204-210.
- Lerut J.P., Donataccio M., Ciccarelli O. et al. Liver transplantation and HBsAg-positive postnecrotic cirrhosis: adequate immunoprophylaxis and delta virus co-infection as the significant determinants of long-term prognosis. J. Hepatol. 1999; 30(4): 706-714.
- Samuel D., Bismuth H., Benhamou J.P. Liver transplantation in cirrhosis due to hepatitis D virus infection. J. Hepatol. 1993; 17(Suppl 3): S154-S156.
- Zignego A.L., Samuel D., Gentilini P. et al. Patterns and mechanisms of hepatitis B/hepatitis D reinfection after liver transplantation. Arch. Virol. 1993; Suppl 8: 281-289.
- David E., Rahier J., Pucci A. et al. Recurrence of hepatitis D (delta) in liver transplants: histopathological aspects. Gastroenterology 1993; 104(4): 1122-1128.
- Ottobrelli A., Marzano A., Smedile A. et l,. Patterns of hepatitis delta virus reinfection and disease in liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 1991; 101(6): 1649 -1655.
- Yurdaydin C. Treatment of chronic delta hepatitis. Semin. Liver Dis. 2012; 32(3): 237-244.
- Wedemeyer H., Yurdaydin C., Dalekos G.N. et al. Peginterferon plus adefovir versus either drug alone for hepatitis delta. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011; 364(4): 322-331.
- Kabacam G., Dalekos G.N., Cakaloglu Y. et al. Pegylated interferon-based treatment in patients with advanced liver disease due to chronic delta hepatitis. Turk. J. Gastroenterol. 2012; 23(5): 560-568.
- Samiullah S., Bikharam D., Nasreen, Treatment of chronic hepatitis delta virus with peg-interferon and factors that predict sustained viral response. World J. Gastroenterol. 2012; 18(40): 5793-5798.
Supplementary files
