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Nº 2 (2011)
- Ano: 2011
- Artigos: 16
- URL: https://journals.eco-vector.com/2226-6976/issue/view/6889
Articles
EPIDEMIOLOGY IS THE MOST IMPORTANT PREVENTIVE DISCIPLINE OF MODERN MEDICINE (ON THE 80TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE, I.M. SECHENOV FIRST MOSCOW STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY)
Resumo
Epidemiology is now considered to be a basic medical science belonging to the area of preventive medicine. Its main subject is pathology that manifests itself at the levels of the supraorganism (communities, populations), i.e. morbidity. Epidemiology deals with the incidence of any diseases regardless of their origin, especially as the latter of many diseases is still far from being deciphered. The epidemiology of communicable and non-communicable diseases comprises two sections of the single science. They are identical in their essence and have the common subject of investigation - morbidity (the population level of organization of pathology), a single scientific method (epidemiological), and an overall aim to prevent the incidence of diseases. Epidemiology is justly regarded as a main preventive discipline of modern medicine. The Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, will be 80 years old in 2011. The department has been a methodical center in epidemiology teaching. Its researchers are actively engaged in educational-and-methodical and research work and take part in fulfilling educational and research grants. The department has a laboratory that aims to develop new technologies for the epidemiological surveillance and prevention of communicable diseases. There is an actively working student research circle. The department-trained specialists are the heads of the departments of epidemiology, research institutes, and laboratories in our country. The new stage of development will require that the department should do intensive educational-and-methodical, and research work.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2011;(2):4
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SALMONELLOSIS IN RUSSIA: IS THERE CALM BEFORE THE STORM?
Resumo
The paper analyzes data on the incidence of salmonellosis in Russia in 1968-2009 according to the materials of the Salmonellosis Reference Center. Particular emphasis is placed on the etiologic pattern of salmonellosis in man and animals and on the serovar landscape of Salmonella isolated from foods and different environmental objects. There is a rise in the number of S. infantis isolated from various objects, which allows the salmonellosis situation to be considered unfavorable.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2011;(2):9
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THE WORLDWIDE NOSOAREA OF ANTHRAX
Resumo
The paper considers the most common bioecological elements of the anthrax infection cycle, which determine the manifestation of an epizootic process. It gives the characteristic features of the nosoarea globally and in the Russian Federation in recent years. The actual facts of the spread of anthrax infection of unnatural origin are described.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2011;(2):13
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CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF (GROUP A) STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION IN MILITARY COLLECTIVE BODIES
Resumo
The clinical and epidemiological features of diseases caused by group A streptococci (GAS) were studied in military collective bodies. It was shown that there was an association of the clinical manifestations of streptococcal infection with seasonal factors. GAS-induced infection was ascertained to be mainly notified as skin diseases in summer and as upper (acute tonsillitis and acute respiratory infections) and lower (bronchitis and community-acquired pneumonias) respiratory tract diseases. The training center (Elan) was used as an example to prove the important role of GAS in the etiology of community-acquired pneumonias, including those as a microbial and viral association chiefly with adenovirus infection. A large-scale, previously not described in world practice, food-borne streptococcal tonsillitis outbreak in the large training center (Dmitrov) of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is characterized. Rationale is provided for current necessary antiepidemic measures against GAS-induced infections.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2011;(2):18
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ANALYSIS OF QUALITY OF LIFE IN ADOLESCENTS WITH CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS
Resumo
The paper considers the results of studying the quality of life among adolescents with chronic viral hepatitis B and C versus healthy persons of the same age. It is shown that there are no great clinically important differences in the emotional and social functioning of adolescents with chronic viral hepatitides having a minimal activity.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2011;(2):23
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PROPHYLACTIC VACCINATION AS LIFE-SAVING TECHNOLOGY AND A TOOL OF DEMOGRAPHIC POLICY
Resumo
The paper presents the results of the author’s studies and the data available in the literature, which confirm the importance of prophylactic vaccination to pursue a demographic policy in our country. It provides a scientific assessment of the new national immunization calendar and defines the lines of its further improvement.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2011;(2):27
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CONCENTRATIONS OF WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS IN THE BLOOD OF PATIENTS WITH HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME: POSSIBILITIES OF CORRECTION
Resumo
The time course of changes in the blood levels of ascorbic acid, thiamine, and pyridoxine was studied in patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in relation to the disease severity and period and season. The levels of the vitamins were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. In moderate and severe HFRS, there was a drastic drop in the vitamin concentrations in the feverish and oliguric periods of moderate and severe forms of HFRS. In severe HFRS, the concentrations of vitamins B1, B6, and C were significantly lower than those in moderate HFRS. In polyuria, the levels of the vitamins increased, but remained significantly lower than those in the control group. The conventional vitamin therapy in patients with moderate and severe HFRS does not result in elimination of hypovitaminoses and calls for further investigation for the correction of detected disorders.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2011;(2):31
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VARICELLA AND HERPES ZOSTER: HISTORY AND PERSPECTIVES OF PROPHYLACTIC VACCINATION
Resumo
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) afflicts most of mankind. The idea on immunity to VZV infection is not now adequately complete. VZV-induced infections are characterized by high morbidity, mortality, and incidence rates. Morbidity and other indices have increased significantly since the prophylactic vaccine containing the live attenuated Oka strain was introduced in a number of countries. The experience with prophylactic vaccination in the USA showed the highest efficiency of a two-dose varicella vaccination schedule. To prevent endogenous VZV reactivation and herpes zoster development, the vaccine has been designed on the basis of the same strain Oka, which is able to prevent the disease in some cases and, in its development, to reduce its severity. The review also gives the data of trials of an inactivated recombinant subunit DNA vaccine for preventing primary VZV infection and for searching for new vaccine administration routes.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2011;(2):36
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PLANNED VARICELLA VACCINE PROPHYLAXIS: TACTICS AND PROSPECTS
Resumo
The efficiency of planned chickenpox vaccine prophylaxis in infants has been proved using the data available in foreign publications. The highest epidemiological and immunological effects were observed after double vaccination within the immunization schedule. The epidemiological regularities of varicella in Russia and the results of a study of the immune structure of the population to the pathogen of this infection suggest that infants need primary vaccination in the second year of life before going to children’s preschool facilities. By taking into account the experience with combination vaccines against measles, rubella, and mumps and the prospect of using tetravaccine against these infections and varicella and to ensure a high coverage, the infants should be vaccinated against varicella in the same periods - at 12 months and 6 years.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2011;(2):42
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THE HIV NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS ABACAVIR AND LAMIVUDINE IN FIRST-LINE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY REGIMENS
Resumo
The review gives the results of a few large trials (CNA 30024, HEAT, STEAL, BICOMBO, ACTG 5202, ACTG 5224s, SWIFT, ASSERT) of the efficacy and safety of antiretroviral therapy (ARVT) regimens incorporating the HIV nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) abacavir and lamivudine. W hen ARVT regimens are used today, the fixed-dose combinations of NRTIs (Combivir ® , Kivexa ® , Truvada ® ) have certain benefits of reducing the number of drugs and the frequency of their administration. Since Kivexa and Truvada have a comparable virological efficacy and a good tolerability, they are included into first-line ARVT regimens as recommended in most current guidelines. When a patient is given an abacavircontaining ARVT regimen, he/she should have genetic testing for the HLA-B*5701 allele in order to minimize a risk for developing a hypersensitivity reaction (near 100% negative predictive value). On choosing the optimal first-line ARVT regimen for a specific patient, the physician should consider the whole spectrum of possible adverse reactions, comorbidity, drug interactions, and the living conditions of a HIV-infected patient.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2011;(2):49
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ATAZANAVIR IN BASIC ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY REGIMENS: A REVIEW OF CONVINCING DATA
Resumo
The paper analyzes current Russian and international guidelines for the choice of first-line antiretroviral therapy (ARVT) regimens for previously untreated HIV-infected patients. It reviews the convincing data obtained from large-scale trials of the efficacy and safety of ritonavir-boosted atazanavir, which have served as a basis for this drug to be included into the basic regimens of starting therapy for HIV infection. The paper discusses the advantages of atazanavir in terms of efficacy, safety, tolerability, and easiness-to-use, which may be considered as a rationale for its inclusion into the basic first-line ARVT regimens in our country.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2011;(2):56
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HISTORY OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AS A PORTRAYAL OF THE MOST IMPORTANT DEBATES IN MEDICINE
Resumo
The paper considers the development of epidemiology as a basic scientific discipline in the context of the most important famous debates in the history of medicine on the problems of causality and on the limits of the subject area of epidemiology: between the supporters of miasmatic and contagious conceptions on the causes and nature of epidemics; on a pen-tube dispute; on monocausality in medicine and the ways of development of present-day Russian epidemiology.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2011;(2):66
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INFECTIOUS DISEASES: AN INFINITE PROCESS OF RENEWAL…
Resumo
The paper deals with various aspects of new infections. It discusses the terminology and structurization of the infections by the time of their detection. The authors analyze 203 new nosological entities over the period 1950-2010 and present their pattern by the groups of pathogens and their reservoirs.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2011;(2):70
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TREATMENT FOR URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN
Resumo
To choose a drug for the treatment of urinary tract infection is an urgent problem in pediatrics. When drug therapy is used, one should take into account multiple factors, such as a pathogen, urinary pH levels, the degree of lesion, the activity of a microbial and inflammatory process, comorbidity, pathogen susceptibility to antibiotics. Urine sanitation and recurrence prevention are important for adequate therapy when the inflammatory process is chronic. Evolving pathogen resistance requires a search for novel etiotropic and pathogenic agents, which is regarded as one of the complex tasks in nephrology.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2011;(2):74
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SOME ASPECTS OF CURRENT ETIOTROPIC THERAPY FOR INFLUENZA AND ACUTE RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTIONS
Resumo
The paper presents data on the currently available aetiotropic drugs for the treatment of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI). It shows it necessary to apply the comprehensive approach to combating ARVI and influenza, which provides, in addition to vaccination to elaborate immunity, the use of interferon preparations and inductors to mobilize the nonspecific defense system, as well as antiviral chemopreparations to complete an inhibitory process for viral replication, by keeping in mind real viral strains and their resistance, as well as medico-economic components.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2011;(2):80
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In memory of professor M.V. Skachkov
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2011;(2):83
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