Ашық рұқсат
Рұқсат берілді
Рұқсат ақылы немесе тек жазылушылар үшін
№ 4 (2025)
Crop production, plant protection and biotechnology
Characteristics of promising accessions of spring durum wheat breeding by the Federal Center of Agriculture Research of the South-East region for the leaf diseases resistance
Аннотация
The studies were carried out in 2021–2023 in the Saratov and Leningrad regions in order to identify samples of spring durum wheat resistant to a complex of leaf-stem diseases, carrying the recessive tsn1 allele, for subsequent use in breeding programs. Plant resistance was assessed by the type of reaction (score) and the degree of damage (%) of plants by pathogens of brown and stem rust, as well as leaf blotch. According to the results of the conducted research, the following wheat varieties are of the greatest interest: Annushka (Puccinia triticina (score 1…2 (MR reaction type)), P. graminis (2 (MR)), Parastagonospora nodorum (damage level 12 % (R)), P. pseudonodorum (10 % (RR)), Septoria triticicola (20 % (R)), Gala (P. triticina (2 points (MR)), P. graminis (2 points (MR)), P. nodorum (20 % (R)), P. pseudonodorum (10 % (RR)), Elizavetinskaya (P. triticina (2 points (MR)), Zymoseptoria tritici (20 % (R)), P. nodorum (10 % (RR)), P. pseudonodorum (16 % (R)), Luch 25 (P. triticina (1…2 points (MR)), P. graminis (2 points (MR)), S. triticicola (16 % (R)), Nik ( P. triticina (2 points (MR)), P. pseudonodorum (16 % (R)), Saratovskaya zolotistaya, Pamyati Vasilchuka, Tamara (P. triticina (1 (R); 1…2 (MR); 1…2 points (MR), respectively), P. graminis (2 points (MR), respectively) and Nikolasha (P. graminis (2 points (MR)), P. nodorum (16 % (R)). Molecular screening revealed the presence of a recessive allele tsn1, which causes resistance to the SnToxA toxin of P. nodorum and P. pseudonodorum fungi in the varieties Saratovskaya zolotistaya, Valentina, Annushka, Luch 25, Pamyati Vasilchuka, Tamara and Gala.
Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka. 2025;(4):3-8
3-8
Factor Analysis of Oats Productivity Elements
Аннотация
In 2023–2024 in the FARC of the North-East, Kirov region, an assessment of the development of productivity traits of 64 oats samples (Avena sativa L.) of various ecological and genetic origin was carried out. The aim of the research was to identify a group of oat productivity traits related to chlorophyll content in the flag leaf using factor analysis, and to identify genotypes that are promising for breeding to improve crop productivity. In the mid-flowering phase, the total chlorophyll content of the flag leaf was determined using a chlorophyllometer CCM-200plus (trait Chlorophyll Content Index = CCI). The experiments were conducted on sod-podzolic soil, the plot area was 5 m 2 in quadruple replications. In general, the period from sowing to maturation was water-logged in 2023 (HTC = 1.73) and slightly dried in 2024 (HTC = 0.76). On average, over two years, between the such traits as yield, panicle weight, the number of spikelets and grains per panicle, the mass of grains per panicle and plants, and the CCI trait, there was a significant (at p ≤ 0.05) relationship (r = 0.348…0.420). Panicle mass, number of spikelets and grains per panicle, weight of grains per panicle and plant, and CCI were controlled by the first major factor explaining 37.6 % of the total variability of the analyzed traits, and yield – by the second major factor explaining the other 20.3 % of the variability. The samples Atula 508–89 and Kulan were identified as most promising for breeding to enhance the development of the panicle (the number of spikelets, grains, the mass of the panicle and grains from it). Samples URS Penca, Donen, Hucul, UFRGS 086183–2 and UFRGS 086092-2 should be used in breeding for increase plant height, panicle length and 1000 grain weight.
Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka. 2025;(4):9-13
9-13
Productivity and grain quality of oat varieties in the Volga region
Аннотация
A study aimed at identifying the most promising filmy and naked oat varieties for the arid conditions of the Middle Volga region was conducted in 2022–2024 in the Samara region. 11 filmy (Gait, Rider, Groom, Derby, Dragoon (standard), Canter, Show Jumping, Trotter, Steepler, Troika, Yakov) and 4 naked (Azil, Baguette, Snipe (standard), Mane) varieties of oats were studied on ordinary chernozem. The average yield of filmy varieties over 3 years was 2.71 t / ha, and that of naked varieties was 1.69 t / ha . The best among the filmy forms were the Canter and Groom varieties with a yield of 3.09 t / ha, while the naked ones had Azil with a yield of 1.97 t / ha . The Groom variety from the film group was distinguished by the highest adaptability of yields to weather conditions, with an average yield of 3.11 t / ha in contrasting years . The Horseman, Groom, Stipler and Yakov varieties were characterized by higher drought resistance , with yield depression values of 36.0…41.5 %. Among the naked varieties, the Azil variety showed relatively higher adaptivity, with an average yield of 1.97 t / ha in contrasting years , and the Azil and Mane varieties showed drought resistance , with depression values of 60.2…64.9 %. The average weight of 1000 grains in the film varieties was 34.4 g, which is 1.5 times higher than the average weight in the naked group. The mass fraction of protein in naked forms averaged 15.1 %, which is 3.1 % higher than in filmy varieties. The highest protein harvest per unit area was provided by the Canter and Groom film varieties (0.365–0.368 t/ha), which is 0.019–0.080 t / ha (5.5–27.8 %) more than the other varieties of this group, and 1.4…1.7 times more than the bare varieties. Based on the conducted research , the film varieties Kenter and Groom, as well as the naked Azil, are recommended for cultivation in the arid conditions of the Middle Volga region.
Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka. 2025;(4):14-18
14-18
Allelic diversity of the FaOMT gene of the strawberry fruit aromatic complex
Аннотация
The study was carried out to identify the sources of the FaOMT gene, which controls the biosynthesis of mesifuran in strawberries. The material included 34 of accessions from the Fragaria × ananassa Duch genetic collection the Udmurt Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences various ecological and geographical origins, of which 22 genotypes are of Russian breeding, 16 – of foreign origin. Molecular screening of the FaOMT loci was performed using the diagnostic codominant DNA marker FaOMT-SI/NO, which makes it possible to identify different allelic states of the gene. The functional FaOMT+ allele was identified in 88.2 % of the samples. A non–functional (inactive) FaOMT– allele was detected in 47.1 % of the accessions. The content of both alleles (FaOMT+FaOMT–genotype) was characterized by 35.3 % of the accessions. 52.9 % of the samples were found to be homozygous for the active allelic form of the gene (FaOMT+FaOMT+ genotype). Among the studied collection, 18 accessions characterized by the presence of two active alleles (Akvarel’, Viola, Gordost’ Urala, Darenka, Duet, Italmas, Lyubasha, Pervoklassnica, Sudarushka, Festival’naya, Carica, Yaroslavna, Cabrillo, Cisojee, Corona, Murano, Salsa, Sonsation) turned out to be the most promising for inclusion in the fruit flavor breeding process, because they will ensure the inheritance of the target allele in the hybrid offspring. Homozygous for the non–functional allele (FaOMT–FaOMT– genotype) were 4 accessions of the collection (11.8 % of the collection): Krasnaya pchelka, Nastya, Black Prince, Malling Pandora. The inclusion of these varieties in flavor breeding is impractical. The results obtained are comparable with the pedigrees of the analyzed varieties.
Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka. 2025;(4):19-22
19-22
Evaluation of the adaptive potential of Chelyabinsk honeysuckle varieties in the conditions of the Southern Urals and Krasnoyarsk Territory
Аннотация
The aim of the research is to select adaptive varieties of honeysuckle characterized by high productivity, ecological plasticity and stability in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Southern Urals and Krasnoyarsk Krai. The variety study of honeysuckle was carried out at two state variety testing sites: Shushensky GSU (forest-steppe zone of Krasnoyarsk Krai) and Chelyabinsk GSU (forest-steppe of the Southern Urals) in 2018–2021 according to the methodology of E. N. Sedov and T. P. Ogoltsova. The soil of the experimental sites is leached medium loamy chernozem. Honeysuckle was planted in 2015 according to the 3.0×1.5 m scheme. The experiment was repeated three times, the placement of plots was systematic. Sixteen honeysuckle varieties were studied (8 varieties bred by the South Ural Research Institute of Horticulture and Potato Growing (SURIHP) and 8 varieties of the Bakcharsky Northern Horticulture Support Point). The methods of S. A. Eberhart and W. A. Rassel, A. A. Rosielle and J. Hamblin, V. V. Khangil’din, L. A. Zhivotkov, and V. A. Zykin were used to analyze the adaptability indices. The soil and climatic conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Southern Urals were more favorable for growing honeysuckle, where the average yield of the studied set of varieties (6.57 t/ha) was 3.28 times higher than in the conditions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (2.00 t/ha). Ranking of genotypes by the sum of ranks allowed us to identify four honeysuckle varieties suitable for cultivation both in Krasnoyarsk Krai and in the Chelyabinsk Region: Chulymskaya (yield – 4.19 and 8.80 t/ha, sum of ranks – 44 and 62, respectively), Amazonka (3.37 and 6.59 t/ha; 50 and 66), Zhelannaya (2.27 and 7.21 t/ha; 53 and 61), Silginka (1.93 and 8.32 t/ha ; 62 and 52). Three varieties are highly adaptable to the forest-steppe conditions of Krasnoyarsk Krai: Bakcharsky Velikan (yield – 3.95 t/ha, sum of ranks – 46), Gorlinka (2.21 t/ha; 58) and Zarechnaya (1.75 t/ha; 58). Five varieties of honeysuckle are adapted to the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Southern Urals: Bakcharskaya Yubileinaya (yield – 7.98 t/ha , sum of ranks – 46), Gordost Bakchara (7.01 t/ha; 51), Narymskaya (6.78 t/ha; 58), Vasilek (6.85 t/ha; 66) and Yugana (7.06 t/ha; 69).
Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka. 2025;(4):23-28
23-28
Current aspects of the production of planting grapes of the highest quality categories
Аннотация
The research was carried out in order to develop an algorithm for the production of planting material for grapes of the highest quality categories using modern bio- and digital technologies based on the identification of the influence of agrometeorological (weather) and chemical and man-made factors on the yield of seedlings. The work used materials from nursery breeding organizations of the Krasnodar Territory for 2000–2024, databases of agro-climatic indicators of the grape growing region. The key problems requiring the adjustment of the methodological foundations of the production of planting grapes of the highest quality categories have been identified. Based on the correlation analysis, a relationship was established between the influence of agrometeorological (weather) conditions on the yield of planting material (the relationship is statically significant, as evidenced by various statistical me trics: the coefficient of determination is 0.915, the standard error of the model is 0.32, the P-value (F) is 64.5, the Akaike criterion is 1.35). The calculated decapling effect (integral score 0.32) allows us to conclude that there is an increase in pesticide pressure and pathogenic effects on the elements of the grape nursery system, which reduces the yield of planting material of the highest quality categories. It has been established that the cultivation of seedlings of the highest quality categories should be carried out taking into account the revealed direct relationship between their production and chemical and man-made impacts, applied agrobiotechnologies in accordance with the current regulatory framework and the developed algorithm. The features of the proposed algorithm are: the introduction of the «candidate for source plants» category, the inclusion of additional testing for viruses, bacteria, phytoplasmas and other harmful organisms, the maintenance of source plants in protected soil conditions, the inclusion of varietal and phytosanitary testing of the «source» grape queen no earlier than the second year of vegetation. Taking into account the predicted technological shifts and the peculiarities of the production of grape seed as a perennial crop, it was determined that the most promising ways of growing it will be biotechnologies based on molecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering; bioinformatics; nano- and cellular technologies; artificial intelligence systems.
Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka. 2025;(4):29-36
29-36
Efficiency of herbicide treatment of spring barley crops under conditions of moisture deficiency in the North-West of Russia
Аннотация
The literature is dominated by the idea of the positive effect of herbicides on the yield of spring barley and rarely mentions their phytotoxicity, which can limit the economic effect or neutralize it completely. The purpose of the research is to determine the effectiveness of treatment of spring barley crops with Lintur herbicide, EDG at different application rates and nitrogen nutrition backgrounds in conditions of moisture deficiency. The work was carried out in 2019–2021. in the Leningrad region, on sod-podzolic sandy loam soil with an organic matter content of 2.9 %, mobile phosphorus and potassium (according to Kirsanov) – 145.1 and 48.4 mg/kg , respectively. The experimental scheme involved the study of four standards for the use of Lintur herbicide, EDG (0.68, 101, 135 g / ha, or 0.50, 75, 100 %) on two fertilization backgrounds (N 0 and N 60 ). In all the years of research, moisture deficiency was noted during herbicide treatment and in the following days. A decrease in the herbicide consumption rate led to a decrease in its biological effectiveness in terms of quantity (from 79.1 to 63.3 %) and the above-ground mass of weeds (from 79.2 to 61.9 %). This decrease was statistically significant only with the use of a half-dose herbicide. The full–dose version of the drug turned out to be the least effective from an economic point of view (the saved yield was 3.1 % versus 6.1 % and 11.8 % at application rates of 100, 75 % and 50 %, respectively), due to the manifestation of phytotoxicity on barley in conditions of moisture deficiency, aggravated by elevated temperature conditions. The negative effect of herbicidal stress extended exclusively to the density of the productive stem of the crop. The effect of stress was more pronounced with a deficiency of nitrogen nutrition. The addition of ammonium nitrate from N 60 led to an increase in biological (by 12 % in density, by 14.1 % in phytomass) and the economic (11.5 %) effectiveness of herbicide treatment.
Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka. 2025;(4):37-40
37-40
Influence of nutrient medium and air temperature on development of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary in laboratory
Аннотация
The research was conducted to study the peculiarities of growth and development of sclerotia of the fungus S. sclerotiorum isolated from winter rapeseed and white mustard plants growing in the Western Ciscaucasia to develop the most effective measures to protect these crops from the disease. The experiments were conducted in laboratory conditions in 2024. The sclerotia of the fungus S. sclerotiorum, collected in 2023 from the affected stems of the white mustard variety Raduga (Labinsky district) and in 2024 from the affected stems of the winter rapeseed variety Loris (Krasnodar), were the object of this study. The soils are chernozems with different degrees of leaching. The laboratory study included four variants, each of which was examined using 10 S. sclerotiorum sclerotia: a nutrient semi-synthetic medium PGA (potato-glucose agar) at an air temperature of 25 °C; a nutrient semi-synthetic medium PGA at an air temperature of 27 °C; a Czapek’s nutrient synthetic medium at an air temperature of 25 °C; and a Czapek’s nutrient synthetic medium at an air temperature of 27 °C. Studies of the biological properties of S. sclerotiorum under laboratory conditions are preferably carried out using the PGA nutrient medium. The rate of pathogen sclerotia germination on PGA is higher than the rate of mycelium growth on Czapek’s agar: 1.5 times on average at 25 °C and 3.6 times on average at 27 °C. Using Czapek’s agar to cultivate S. sclerotiorum isolates slows the formation of new fungal sclerotia and reduces their number by 28–35 %.
Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka. 2025;(4):41-45
41-45
Agro-soil science and agroecology
Assessment of carbon reserves in grey forest soils under different types of land use
Аннотация
The research was conducted to study carbon reserves in soil layers under different types of land use. The object of the study was the gray residual carbonate forest soils of the Republic of Tatarstan. The work was carried out on sites with different types of land use: arable land (PL), land with the removal of phytomass (U), land without the removal of phytomass (UV) and fallow lands (W). The analysis was performed using the methods of spectrophotometry, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR-RV) and gas chromatography, which made it possible to determine the content of total organic carbon (TOC), soluble organic carbon (ROC), microbial biomass carbon (Smic) and the number of bacteria in soil horizons. Arable lands were characterized by experimentally minimal reserves of Sorghum in the meter layer – 189.67±10.44 t/ha , due to intensive tillage and mineralization of organic matter. Minor differences were noted in fallow lands and a sloping area with the removal of phytomass, where its reserves amounted to 255.03±21.35 and 287.14±28.01 t/ha , respectively. The maximum reserves were recorded at the site with mowing without removing phytomass – 322.49±19.4 t/ha , which indicates the high role of plant residues in the accumulation of organic compounds. Most of the carbon reserves are concentrated in the upper half of the meter: 52…78 % for Sorg, 40…59 % for ROE and 47…63 % for Smic. The content of ROE and Smic changes faster under the influence of external factors, in contrast to the more stable soil organic matter. According to their stocks, the studied samples were arranged in the following order: for RAW materials P < UV, for Smik – UV < P < W< U. The main part of the Smic is concentrated in the upper horizons, where the processes of decomposition of organic matter are active. Regular mowing with the remaining phytomass on the soil surface provides the greatest potential for accumulation of both total and soluble organic carbon.
Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka. 2025;(4):46-53
46-53
Assessment of gaseous ammonia losses when using urea and urea-formaldehyde fertilizers
Аннотация
The aim of the study was to investigate the size of gaseous ammonia losses during surface application of standard urea and new forms of urea-formaldehyde fertilizers under conditions of a model experiment. Laboratory experiments with composting were carried out in 2024 on sod-podzolic medium loamy soil and leached medium-deep heavy loamy chernozem with surface application of standard urea and experimental forms of urea-formaldehyde fertilizers (UF 12-1, UF 13-1 and UF 14-1), differing in the content of total nitrogen and its individual fractions. Noticeable gaseous ammonia losses occurred on the third day of composting and reached a maximum value on the 28th day. At the same time, the most intense nitrogen losses occurred on sod-podzolic soil. When urea was introduced, ammonia release increased from 0.31 mg of nitrogen per vessel on the 3rd day of observation to 12.06 mg/vessel on the 28th day. On leached chernozem, ammonia urea losses were significantly lower compared to sod-podzolic soil and increased from 0.47 to 2.19 mg/vessel on the 3rd and 28th days, respectively. After four weeks of composting on sod-podzolic soil, ammonia nitrogen losses amounted to 18.1 % of the amount introduced, and on leached chernozem, losses were almost 6 times lower and amounted to 3.3 %. The release of ammonia in the variants with the introduction of experimental forms of UF was insignificant and did not exceed 1.2 % on sod-podzolic soil and 0.7 % on chernozem over 28 days of observation. No significant differences in the amount of released ammonia from the composition of different forms of UF were found.
Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka. 2025;(4):54-58
54-58
Mechanization, electrification, automation and digitalization
Methodological Foundations for the Integration of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles into Agricultural Machinery Systems
Аннотация
Under the updated Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Agriculture for 2017–2030, approved by Decree No. 395 of the Government of the Russian Federation on March 27, 2025 special emphasis is placed on advancing domestic agricultural machinery and equipment. A key initiative within the corresponding sub-program is the creation and deployment of innovative technical solutions designed to enhance the efficiency, sustainability, and technological sovereignty of the agro-industrial complex. In this context, the integration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) into the broader system of agricultural machinery is emerging as a critical strategy for reducing import dependence and elevating the technological capacity of the agricultural sector. The present work is focused on establishing a methodological framework for this integration, founded on the principles of systemic mechanization, modularity, energy efficiency, and digitalization – all of which are fully aligned with the goals and implementation mechanisms of the Federal Scientific and Technical Program.
Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka. 2025;(4):59-67
59-67
Determination of the Rational Value of the Intercondition of the Working Bodies of a Transformable Discator
Аннотация
A transformable disc implement is proposed for use in field cultivation. It differs from its analogues in that it has central (rigidly fixed) and rotary bars with discs connected to each other by means of brackets and hinges. When the rotary bars are fixed to the longitudinal bars of the frame, it has the functionality of a classic four-row disc harrow. If the rotary bars of the frame, resting on additional wheels, are “opened”, then the implement, after setting the required angle of attack of the discs, will perform the function of a two-row stubble cultivator. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the rational ratio of the values of the frontal step of placement and the diameter of the disc working bodies of the transformable disc harrow from the point of view of minimizing its weight. It has been established by calculation that in the design of such a disc harrow it is preferable to use standard spherical discs with a diameter of 0.56 m, mounted on the frame bars with a step of about 0.346 m. In this case, the estimated weight of the tool with a capture width in the function of a stubble cultivator of eight meters will be about 5700 kg (without a roller). It is irrational to use discs of a larger diameter in the design of the developed tool, since the observed decrease in the required number of working bodies does not compensate for the increase in the mass of the discs themselves, leading to an increase in the mass of the tool with an intensity of about 2.1 kg per 1 mm of increase in the diameter of the discs. In the function of a four-row disc harrow, the spacing between the tracks of such a tool will be about 0.087 m, which is almost 35 % less than the average of serial analogs. On the one hand, this will lead to a proportional increase in the number of working bodies, and therefore the mass of the disc harrow, and an increase in the requirements for the strength characteristics of the frame. At the same time, it will be possible to achieve an increase in the degree of soil crumbling, a decrease in the ridged nature of its surface and a leveling of the «bottom» of the processed layer .
Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka. 2025;(4):68-72
68-72