Economic Problems and Legal Practice

This article examines the legal issues of environmental and legal support for the spatial development of subsoil use and consists of two parts. The second part of the article analyzes current legislation and law enforcement (including judicial) practice in assessing the effectiveness of legal regulation of subsoil use for underground construction. The article concludes that current regulations governing public relations in the subsoil use sector, specifically regarding the development of underground space for the types of subsoil use already defined in the Law of the Russian Federation "On Subsoil," are insufficiently effective, inconsistent with each other, often lack legal mechanisms for implementation, or contain internal contradictions or inaccuracies. The results of the study demonstrate the need to develop and approve uniform standards for the construction of underground structures not related to mining, based on the types of subsoil use and the types of these structures. The study also demonstrates the need to enshrine in current legislation the specifics of environmental and legal support for the construction and operation of these underground structures not related to mineral extraction. Furthermore, it demonstrates the need to resolve contradictions between land legislation, urban planning legislation, and subsoil legislation regarding the integrated development of underground space for the construction of underground structures of federal, regional, and local significance, both within and outside the boundaries of populated areas.

The purpose of this research article is to establish the legal aspects of enshrining the principle of openness in Russian administrative procedure legislation. In conducting this research, the authors relied on popular methodological approaches in legal scholarship. Specifically, they employed the formal-logical method and the structural-functional approach. These approaches allowed them to identify an integrative understanding of the principle of openness in modern procedural legal doctrine. Of particular methodological significance are the textual analysis of administrative procedure legislation and the method of legal hermeneutics. Conclusion: The formalization of openness in Russian administrative court legislation is associated with procedural detail and differentiation. This distinguishes this principle from similar principles in other legal proceedings. These features emphasize the public-law nature of administrative court proceedings. This approach stems from the need to achieve a balance between the protection of legally protected information and the form of public oversight over the activities of government bodies, officials, and public organizations. Therefore, openness in administrative procedural law is subject to the constitutional requirements of proportionality in limiting the rights and freedoms of citizens.

The digital ruble and decentralized digital currencies are currently two key drivers of the digital transformation of the Russian Federation's monetary system, shaping the modernization of national currency circulation and payment infrastructure. However, the development of these financial technologies has led to the emergence of two overlapping yet distinct legal regimes, reflecting their differing degrees of integration into the monetary system. This article examines the legal framework for integrating digital currencies into Russia's monetary system by comparing the legal status of the digital ruble and decentralized digital currencies. Particular attention is paid to the legally enshrined asymmetry between these regimes, exploring the «intensive» (qualitative) development of the digital ruble's functions — as the only digital currency legalized as a means of payment-alongside the challenges of «extensive» (quantitative) integration of private digital currencies, specifically regarding restrictions on and potential legalization of their payment function in civil and labor relations. The study aims to identify the institutional logic underlying Russia's current regulatory model for digital currencies and to determine directions for further adaptation of the monetary system to financial digitalization. The analysis reveals that the existing distinction between the legal regimes of the digital ruble and decentralized digital currencies is systemic, driven by the need to preserve state emission and settlement sovereignty while accommodating evolving economic practices. The key finding is that Russia's current model for digital currency integration relies on a mechanism of controlled legal asymmetry, prioritizing the development of the digital ruble while gradually and cautiously expanding permissible uses for decentralized digital currencies (particularly for cross-border settlements and as alternatives to SWIFT amid sanctions pressure).

The article examines the legal status of a legal entity in Russian criminal proceedings. It is argued that current criminal procedure law provides only fragmented forms of participation of legal entities and lacks a general model of their procedural presence. On this basis, the paper analyzes the limits of participation of a legal entity, the content of its procedural legal capacity, and the mechanism for exercising procedural rights through legally acceptable channels of will. The author proposes to distinguish between initiatory, status-based and factual participation of a legal entity in criminal proceedings. It is substantiated that the procedural legal capacity of a legal entity is independent, whereas representation should be treated not as a substitute for such capacity but as a means of its implementation. Particular attention is paid to the pre-trial stage, where the gap between the actual impairment of corporate rights and the absence of a special procedural status is most evident. The article formulates proposals for improving criminal procedure legislation, including the introduction of a procedural status of a legal-entity applicant, clarification of the rules governing admission of representatives, and strengthening judicial control over restrictions on the property rights of organizations.

Target. To identify problems in domestic legal regulation of the formation and distribution of lottery revenues based on a systemic analysis of Russian lottery legislation and propose models for their elimination, based on positive international experience. Tasks. Conduct a norms analysis Federal Law "On Lotteries" of 11.11.2003 No. 138-FZ (hereinafter referred to as the Federal Law of the Russian Federation on Lotteries) and regulatory legal acts adopted in pursuance of this law, primarily in terms of the fundamentals: established goals and conceptual apparatus. To analyze the relationship between the initial regulatory parameters of Russian lottery legislation and the legal regulations governing the formation and distribution of lottery revenues. To propose substantiated: regulatory definitions of the content of basic concepts (revenue from lotteries or lottery income, the structure of lottery income distribution, prize fund, operating expenses, etc.); models of legal regulation that ensure the implementation of the regulatory relationship "the purpose of lotteries — the formation of lottery income — the distribution of lottery income." Methodology. Using general scientific research methods, approaches to analyzing Russian lottery legislation governing the formation and distribution of lottery revenues are substantiated in various aspects as a single regulatory framework, in terms of their internal consistency, sufficiency, and ability to form a coherent legal structure. Results. The article substantiates approaches to the analysis of the legal structure for regulating the conduct of lotteries, enshrined in the lottery legislation of the Russian Federation, the application of which made it possible to identify problems in Russian legislation on lotteries in terms of the fundamentals, namely, significant gaps in the terminological base, the absence of an appropriate, strictly established regulatory link between the purpose of the lottery and the distribution of income from its conduct and, as a consequence, the lack of a unified legal structure for the formation and distribution of lottery revenues, the absence in the law and other regulatory acts adopted in pursuance of the law, a legal mechanism that guarantees the compliance of the structure of the distribution of lottery revenues with the stated purposes of the lottery. The necessity and possibility of applying positive foreign experience are substantiated. The concept of amendments to the law and the wording of specific articles of the law are proposed. Conclusions. An analysis of Russian lottery legislation has led to the conclusion that there are significant gaps in the Russian Law on Lotteries, manifested in the legal uncertainty of the rules governing lottery activities at all its stages, which is unacceptable for a normative act of such a level as a federal law. The justified reason for the identified problems in the legal regulation of lottery activities is determined to be gaps in the foundations of lottery legislation, expressed in the absence in the Federal Law of the Russian Federation on Lotteries, systemically formed basic categories, and as a consequence, the absence of appropriate objects of legal regulation and the impossibility of establishing a legal structure reflecting the organic connection between the purpose of the lottery, the terminological base, and the established procedure for the formation and distribution of lottery income.

This article comprehends the economics of underground alcoholic beverage production and sales. The likelihood of detection by government agencies is determined for individual components of this criminal enterprise, and the costs incurred by criminal organizations to prevent adverse developments are discussed. The position of underground producers in the legal alcoholic beverage market is explored. Approaches to pricing and determining production volumes for illegal alcohol are presented. It is concluded that criminal organizations possess significant opportunities to increase profits, compete with competitors for price, and capture new markets. An examination of the ways in which legal enterprises are used in criminal enterprises reveals a "flow" of funds from the legal to the criminal sector of the economy, the degradation of legal enterprises, and the reproduction of criminal relations. Based on the relationship between the costs of criminal organizations and the risks of their activities, proposals are formulated for government agencies to focus their efforts on the most costly stages of their activities — joint operations involving entities from the legal and illegal sectors of the economy. The opinion has been formulated that the signs of such joint operations are the absence of economic feasibility or business logic in the behavior of a legal enterprise, and unmotivated “mistakes” of managers, leading to a decrease in the economic performance of legal enterprises.

The purpose of the research. The purpose of the research is to identify the role of forming a balanced product portfolio in ensuring the sustainable development of defense-industrial complex enterprises under conditions of increasing uncertainty in the external environment and transformation of the structure of the state defense order. The study focuses on analyzing the influence of production diversification, technological transfer, and supply chain resilience on the reduction of economic and production risks of defense-industrial complex enterprises. Results. The results of the study show that the stability of defense-industrial complex enterprises is shaped by a set of interrelated factors, among which diversification of production activities and expansion of the product range are of particular significance. The formation of a balanced product portfolio combining military, civilian, and dual-use products reduces the dependence of enterprises on the cyclical nature of the state defense order, ensures more stable utilization of production capacities, and supports the preservation of the scientific and technological potential of the industry. It has been established that the application of defense technological developments in civilian sectors of industry increases innovative activity and strengthens the technological resilience of the industrial system. The obtained results confirm that production diversification serves as an effective risk management tool and contributes to the long-term sustainable development of defense-industrial complex enterprises.

Objective. Based on extensive empirical data, audit methodologies were examined, revealing potential for improvement in areas specific to the coal industry's operations. The research was conducted with the aim of refining audit methodology and developing risk-based approach tools. Model. Among the various approaches to audit and internal control, particular attention was paid to the use of a risk-based approach. This approach involves constructing a risk map, analyzing external and internal factors that undermine the company's operations, and subsequently assessing specific risks. A method for assessing the impact of threats to the company's operations was used and specified. This involves assessing risks and calculating forecasts of financial resources to realize the consequences of risk mitigation. An indicator-based approach, which requires the development of proprietary benchmarks and threshold values, was also used. Conclusions. The study concludes that existing audit methodologies and other forms of control, including their risk-based approach, require the use of risk assessment indicators for each production process at coal industry enterprises. These findings are aimed at developing a comprehensive audit methodology for coal industry enterprises, taking into account the specifics of production processes, identified risks, and the design of risk response measures. Originality. The study offers a comprehensive view of industrial safety and occupational health audits in the coal industry from the perspective of risk assessment and the assignment of key performance indicators. Its scientific novelty lies in identifying risks in technical support, environmental, and fire safety in coal industry business processes and developing measures to prevent them.

The article is devoted to the development of risk-oriented tools for treasury financial control in the treasury payment system. The relevance of the research topic is due to the need to expand the scope of application of mechanisms implemented in the preliminary and current forms, which allow to exclude or minimize financial and other violations. The purpose of the work is to propose a set of measures to optimize the treasury payment system through the development of risk-oriented tools for treasury financial control. This set of measures includes the development of risk-oriented authorization, as well as the implementation of a risk-oriented model of extended or control budget monitoring. Conclusions. The proposals formulated in the framework of this study expand the categorical apparatus of the system of state and municipal financial control, contribute to the development of a risk-oriented approach in the system of treasury payments, and also make it possible to increase the efficiency of budget expenditures.

This article examines the role of the risk register as a tool for harmonizing internal control and audit systems in public and commercial organizations. It analyzes the register's key functions, its impact on increasing the transparency and effectiveness of risk management, and its application in various types of organizations. Practical recommendations for creating and updating the risk register are presented, taking into account modern internal control and audit requirements. Differences in risk management approaches in the public and private sectors are highlighted, as well as the potential for harmonization based on a risk-based approach.

The article examines the role of human resource management in ensuring the effectiveness of inter-firm cooperation in high-tech companies. The aim of the study is to identify key HR factors and management tools that influence the performance of inter-organizational collaboration in innovation projects. The research is based on a mixed-method approach, including a survey of 124 employees from high-tech companies and 12 expert interviews. Correlation and regression analyses were applied to process the data. The results show that the effectiveness of inter-firm cooperation is largely determined by the quality of inter-organizational team management, motivation systems, and the level of cultural alignment and managerial practices. Teams formed based on complementary competencies demonstrate higher performance, while combined motivation systems significantly increase employee engagement. The highest explanatory power is associated with cultural alignment and the quality of management practices. The findings contribute to the development of HR management theory in inter-organizational contexts and can be applied in designing effective HR systems for high-tech companies involved in cooperative innovation activities.

The dynamic development of legislative approaches to regulating digital platforms and ecosystems is accompanied by the challenge of identifying the limits of their legal regulation. Individual legal means and self-regulatory instruments clearly demonstrate this. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to identify the similarities and differences between these regulatory approaches, taking into account current trends in Russian legislation. The author applied key general scientific methods (formal-logical, comparative, and functional) and specific scientific methodological approaches (legal instrumentalism and praxeological theory). Together, they helped identify a range of issues at the levels of individual legal regulation and self-regulation. Conclusion: As a result, the similarities highlighted in the article, in the form of normativity, sanctions, and procedurality, create a formal equality among participants in digital platforms and ecosystems. In contrast, the differences examined in the work are profoundly systemic. The author concludes that self-regulation of digital platforms and ecosystems is based on a set of private law contract. These contracts ensure public authority within these digital systems.