Instability and stability of population dynamics and local settlements in post-Soviet Chukotka: regional characteristics seen from intraregional and local differences

Cover Page

Cite item

Full Text

Open Access Open Access
Restricted Access Access granted
Restricted Access Subscription or Fee Access

Abstract

The aims of the study are twofold. First, it aims at identifying geographical characteristics and differences in the stability/instability of population dynamics. Second, the paper examines the sustainability of settlements in the ethnic region in the Arctic Circle and the factors that determine them. Traditional geographical approaches and the field research enabled us to clarify general instability of the population dynamics and the settlements of Chukotka in the 1990s and its stabilization seen after 2002, although there were significant differences at the intra-regional and local levels. Relatively greater stability (a smaller decrease in the population due to a smaller migration outflow and the absence of abandoned settlements) was seen in the population and settlements in regions with high percentage share of indigenous people. The most unstable areas were those with a large share of the newcomers and those with the mining industry, especially in the 1990s. The extremely and most vulnerable was single-company towns which closely connected with mining enterprises, most of which were eliminated before 2000. Differences in stability/instability of population dynamics and local settlements, or differences in resilience/vulnerability of the system at different spatial levels (from regions to individual settlements) will become more evident in the years under crisis but will be smoothed out during the period of relatively stable development.

Full Text

Restricted Access

About the authors

K. Kumo

Hitotsubashi University

Author for correspondence.
Email: kumo@ier.hit-u.ac.jp
Japan, Tokyo

T. V. Litvinenko

Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: tamaralit@bk.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

References

  1. Abdullaeva R.A. Instability as one of the possible states of social system. Usp. Sovremennogo Estestvoznaniya, 2014, no. 11, pp. 118-121. (In Russ.).
  2. Abdullaeva R.A. Stability as one of the possible states of social system. Sotsial'no-ekonomicheskie i Tekhn. Sistemy: Issled., Proektirovanie, Optimizatsiya, 2006, no. 12, p. 1. (In Russ.).
  3. Bol'shaya sovetskaya entsiklopediya [Great Soviet Encyclopaedia], 30 vols. Prokhorov A.M., Ed. Moscow: Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya Publ., 1969-1978, vols. 1, 2, 4, 5, 11-14, 20, 29.
  4. Vazhenin S.G., Vazhenina I.S. Viability of the territory in a competitive economic space. Region: Ekonomika i Sotsiologiya, 2015, vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 175-199. (In Russ.).
  5. Gaeva I.V. Transformation of functions of rural settlements of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast. Cand. Sci. (Geogr.) Dissertation. Moscow: Inst. Geogr., Russ. Akad. Sci., 2011. 178 p.
  6. Goncharenko A.V. Social stability and national security of Russia. Cand. Sci. (Sociol.) Dissertation. Moscow: Moscow State Univ., 2001. 115 p.
  7. Interview with S.P. Kurdyumov. Voprosy Filosofii, 1991, no. 6, pp. 53-57. (In Russ.).
  8. Karachurina L.B. Demographic transformation of post-Soviet cities of Russia. Reg. Res. Russ., 2013, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 56-67.
  9. Litvinenko T.V. Post-Soviet transformation of natural resources utilization and its impact on dynamics of population in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Izv. Akad. Nauk. Ser. Geogr., 2013, no. 2, pp. 30-42. (In Russ.).
  10. Milovanov E.V. Problem of exploitation in the Russian Far East. Ekon. Zhizn' Dal'nego Vostoka, 1994, no. 3, pp. 37-41. (In Russ.).
  11. Ovsyannikov A.S. Modern processes of human settlement in early developed region of Russia (a case of Voronezh oblast). Extended Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Geogr.) Dissertation. Voronezh: Voronezh State Univ., 2014. 24 p.
  12. Annual Report on Internal Migration in Japan Derived from the Basic Resident Registration. Tokyo: Statistics Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan, 2012. Available at: https://www.e-stat.go.jp/dbview?sid=0003082463 (accessed: 10.05.2017). (In Jpn.).
  13. Pilyasov A.N., Gal'tseva N.V., Atamanova E.A. Economy of the Arctic "islands": The case of Nenets and Chukotka Autonomous Okrugs. Ekonomika Regiona, 2017, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 114-125. (In Russ). doi: 10.17059/2017-1-11.
  14. Prigogine I. The philosophy of instability. Futures, 1989, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 396-400.
  15. Rossiya: Federal'nye okruga i regiony (geografiya, nedra, istoriya, naselenie, religiya, vlast', ekonomika, sotsial'naya sfera, dostoprimechatel'nosti, strategiya razvitiya): Entsiklopediya [Russia: Federal Districts and Regions (Geography, Mineral Resources, History, Population, Religion, Power, Economy, Social Sphere, Sightseeing, Development Strategy): Encyclopaedia]. Sevruk M.A., Ed. Moscow: Mezhd. Univ. Sodruzhestvo, 2006 (2007), 4th ed. 529 p.
  16. Frank S.L. Nepostizhimoe [The Unfathomable]. St. Petersburg, 1912. 250 p.
  17. Khaknazarov S.Kh. Sustainable development of small-numbered peoples of the North: theoretical and sociological analysis. Vestn. Ugrovedeniya, 2013, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 118-124. (In Russ).
  18. Chernyavskii I.F. Concept of resilience. Ekonomist, 2008, no. 5, pp. 71-77. (In Russ.).
  19. Alwang J., Siegel P.B., Jorgensen S.L. Vulnerability: A View from Different Disciplines. Social Protection Discussion Paper Series, 2001, no. 0115. 61 p. Available at: http://web.worldbank.org/archive/website01536/WEB/IMAGES/0115.PDF (accessed: 22.08.2019).
  20. Arctic Resilience Interim Report 2013. Stockholm: Stockholm Environ. Inst. and Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2013. 134 p. Available at: https://mediamanager.sei.org/documents/Publications/ArcticResilienceInterimReport2013-LowRes.pdf (accessed: 05.02.2018).
  21. Blaikie P., Cannon T., Davis I., Wisner B. At Risk: Natural Hazards, People’s Vulnerability and Disasters. New York: Routledge, 2004, 2d ed. 464 p.
  22. Cutter S.L., Boruff B.J., Shirley W.L. Social vulnerability to environmental hazards. Soc. Sci. Q., 2003, vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 242-261.
  23. Duerden F.A Critical look at sustainable development in the Canadian North. Arctic., 1992, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 219-225.
  24. Heleniak T. Out-migration and depopulation of the Russian North during the 1990s. Post-Soviet Geogr. Econ., 1999, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 155-205.
  25. Hill F., Gaddy C.G. Siberian Curse: How Communist Planners Left Russia Out in the Cold. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2003. 240 p.
  26. Izaak S.I. Human potential formation in the context of the implementation of the United Nations Development Programme. ISJ Theor. Appl. Sci., 2017, vol. 56, no. 12, pp. 188-192. doi: 10.15863/TAS.2017.12.56.30.
  27. Kumo K. Migration and Regional Development in the Soviet Union and Russia: A Geographical Approach. Moscow: Beck Publishers Russia, 2003. 205 p.
  28. Kumo K. Interregional migration in Russia: using an origin-to-destination matrix. Post-Communist Econ., 2007, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 131-152.
  29. Litvinenko T., Kumo K. Post-soviet period changes in resource utilization and their impact on population dynamics in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (Russia). Geography, Environment, Sustainability (GES Journal), 2017, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 66-86. doi: 10.24057/2071-9388-2017-11-3-66-86
  30. Mulvihill P.R., Jacobs P. Towards new south/north development strategies in Canada. Alternatives, 1991, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 34-39.
  31. Murphy D.J., Wyborn, C., Yung L., Williams D.R. Key Concepts and Methods in Social Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Res. Station, 2015. 24 p. doi: 10.2737/RMRS-GTR-328.
  32. Neil A.W. Vulnerability. Global Environ. Chang., 2006, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 268-281. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.02.006.
  33. Parsons T. Politics and Social Structure. New York: The Free Press, 1969. 557 p.
  34. Petrov A. Post-staple bust: modelling economic effects of mine closures and post-mine demographic shifts in an arctic economy (Yukon). Polar Geogr., 2010, vol. 33, no. 1-2, pp. 39-61.
  35. Sengupta C. Political and social stability: ideas, paradoxes and prospects. Econ. Political Wkly., 2004, vol. 39, no. 48, pp. 5101-5105. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4415833 (accessed: 15.06.2018).
  36. Sommerkorn M., et al. A resilience approach to social-ecological systems: central concepts and concerns. In Arctic Resilience Interim Report 2013. Stockholm: Stockholm Environ. Inst. and Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2013, pp. 15-25.
  37. Thompson N. Migration and resettlement in Chukotka: a research note. Eurasian Geogr. Econ., 2004, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 73-81.

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download
2. Fig. 1. The population of Chukotka (according to censuses).

Download (94KB)
Indexing metadata
3. Fig. 2. The share of urban, rural and indigenous people in the total population of Chukotka (according to censuses).

Download (89KB)
Indexing metadata
4. Fig. 3. The dynamics of the population of Chukotka in 1939–2017, thousand people

Download (121KB)
Indexing metadata
5. Fig. 4. Dynamics of migration flows between Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and regions of the Russian Federation in 1993–2010. (since 2011, the methodology for registering migrants has changed).

Download (83KB)
Indexing metadata
6. Fig. 5. Dynamics of migration outflow from Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in 1993–2010. by region of arrival.

Download (144KB)
Indexing metadata
7. Fig. 6. Change in the population of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug by region, city, and urban village from 1992 to 2017 (according to official statistics).

Download (123KB)
Indexing metadata
8. Fig. 6. The end.

Download (580KB)
Indexing metadata
9. Fig. 7. Intraregional differences in population dynamics in 1990–2002. in conjunction with the ethnic factor, and the population of cities and towns in 1992 (according to current records and the 2002 census).

Download (182KB)
Indexing metadata
10. Fig. 8. Intraregional differences in population dynamics in 2002–2017. in conjunction with the ethnic factor, and the population of cities and towns in 2017 (according to current records and the 2002 census).

Download (179KB)
Indexing metadata
11. Fig. 9. Abandoned houses of the military town of Gudym (Anadyr-1), June 2016 (photo by the authors).

Download (202KB)
Indexing metadata

Copyright (c) 2019 Russian academy of sciences