Scientific Bulletin of the Omsk State Medical University

The purpose of the study is to assess the role of production factors in the development of premature (accelerated) aging and changes in biological age (according to a literature review), to analyze risk factors and mechanisms that trigger the processes of premature aging and changes in biological age, in order to prevent these processes – taking a set of measures to prevent occupational diseases of all categories of the population. Material and methods: In the analysis of risk assessment of premature (cellular) aging and changes in biological age under the influence of harmful production factors, methods of hygienic diagnostics and theoretical research were used: formalization, generalization, comparison, system analysis. The object of the study was the material of scientific papers on the study of the influence of harmful production factors on the processes of cellular aging and biological age. The results and their discussion. The study determined a direct relationship between the influence of production factors on the health of the labor contingent, lifestyle and functioning of the health-saving system. The conducted research will allow a deeper understanding of the processes leading to a change in biological age and the development of premature aging by analyzing the influence of factors of the production environment, socio-economic, environmental and other conditions affecting the health and life expectancy of the working contingent. Conclusion. The leading role of preventive measures in maintaining professional performance and prolonging the life of the labor contingent is determined. The study of the processes leading to the prevention of changes in biological age and the launch of mechanisms of premature aging of the working contingent will contribute to their long-term professional activity and creative longevity.

Ultrasound examination is one of the most accessible and having a high probability of competence of research of diagnostics of diseases of internal organs, which are carried out mainly in small pets. The aim of the study is to obtain information about parenchymatous organs in birds in norm and in case of pathologic changes for making or confirming clinical diagnosis. Material and methods. Ultrasound diagnostics of avian oviduct was carried out on ultrasonic diagnostic scanner ETS-D-05 "Raskan", ~ 220V, 50 Hz, 100 VA, class 1. The transducer is microconvex 7.5 MHz. Results. At ultrasound examination of the kidneys in the chicken, it was noted that the kidneys had smooth, clear boundaries. The echostructure of cortical and brain layers in the median plane is heterogeneous, echogenicity of parenchyma corresponds to the norm. The capsule is not visualized. The presence of lighter and darker areas in the parenchyma is clearly visible, which is associated with filtration of mineral substances contained in the blood. Ultrasound examination of the genitalia in the chicken was carried out in several stages. At the first stage, the presence of a mature follicle was noted. Localized volumetric formations of rounded shape - follicles at different stages of development were revealed. They have homogeneous echogenicity and echostructure of hyperechogenic character, giving a weak acoustic shadow. In the second stage of the study we noted the presence of yolk covered with vitelline shell, which is located in the central part of the albumen section of the oviduct, has a high density and good echogenicity. In the third stage, the yolk is located in the caudal part of the albumen section. At its periphery, the albumen with several layers is located. Protein section is displaced somewhat to the left, has strongly tortuous loops. The wall of the albumen is well structured, the expression of layers is weakly marked. In the cavity of the oviduct, the content of the oviduct is homogeneous with a small amount of content of liquid consistency. At the fourth stage of the study in the uterus of the oviduct, an anechogenic formation - an egg - is visualized on the echogram. In its center, a hypoechogenic structure with indistinct contours - yolk is detected. The contours of the egg are smooth, borders are indistinct. The egg completely fills the uterine cavity, the lumen between the egg and the uterine wall is absent, the uterine wall contours are clear and even with homogeneous echogenic structure, no nodular formations are detected, uterine vessels are not dilated.

Currently, healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are one of the most dangerous complications for hospitalized patients. The economic damage caused by HCAI in the Russian Federation annually is about 15 billion rubles; in addition, HCAI occupy the tenth place among the causes of mortality of the population. Catheter-associated bloodstream infection holds the leading place in the structure of ISMP morbidity. The concept of CVC-AIC (catheter-associated bloodstream infections or CLABSI), in turn, is included in CAIC. Purpose of the study. To analyze the current literature data of domestic and foreign authors for the years 2012-2022 concerning CAIC in patients of oncologic hospitals with CVCs, including subcutaneous central venous port catheters. Material and Methods. A review of 38 literature sources for the last 10 years was performed, including current information on catheter-associated bloodstream infections, measures to prevent them, and modern treatment approaches. Results. The studies have shown that the combination of drug resistance in microorganisms and immunity reduction in cancer patients, which occurs against the background of chemotherapy, makes them a risk group for the development of CAICs and episodes of their recurrence. Ensuring epidemiological safety of bloodstream catheterization in such patients is an important step in the prevention of CAIC. This is one of the priority tasks of oncoepidemiology today. Conclusion. The leading role in the occurrence of catheter-associated bleeding plays the term of catheterization and the condition of the patient, his age, stage of cancer development and concomitant chronic diseases. One of the most vulnerable risk groups are cancer patients from hemoblastosis chemotherapy and bone marrow and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation units. This may be due to the use of immunosuppressant drugs to suppress graft rejection, which significantly reduce patients' immunity. According to the results of studies, infection with drug-resistant Gram-negative microorganisms, including multidrug-resistant ones, is prevalent in cancer patients with CAIC. When using povidone iodine, there is a tendency to decrease the incidence of CAIC, but the use of chlorhexidine alcohol solution showed better results. A direct correlation was observed between the use of surgically implanted intravascular devices for long-term function and a lower incidence of CAIC, particularly in pediatric oncology.

The literature review considers the data on the assessment of the influence of alimentary factors on the development of a severe neurological disease - multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is a polyetiologic disease, the risk of development of which is influenced by both infectious (Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus, influenza virus, etc.) and noninfectious factors (genetic predisposition, smoking, geographic region of residence, etc.). MS is a progressive demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), which leads to neurodegeneration accompanied by a variety of clinical manifestations.  The pathogenesis of MS is characterized by immune-mediated damage to the myelin sheaths of nerve fibers, which is manifested by inflammation, neurosynaptic damage, and destruction of white matter, axons, and blood vessels. Rapid non-evolutionary dietary and lifestyle changes, which are driven by urbanization, industrialization and globalization of the food market, are leading to an increase in most chronic non-communicable diseases, including MS. The effects induced by alimentary factors are due to changes in the microbial composition of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), immune cell function, enzyme systems functioning, etc. The aim of the work is to study the influence of micro/macronutrients, as well as the nature of the diet on the risk of MS development, to assess the role of nutrition in the primary prevention of MS. It has been shown that a diet characterized by a high content of animal fats and trans-isomers of fatty acids (TFA), increased consumption of meat products, but low content of vegetables, fruits and whole-grain products is associated with a higher risk of MS development. Regular inclusion in the diet of sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (vegetable oils, seeds, nuts, marine fish) and vitamin D (fatty fish, caviar, butter, egg yolk) leads to lower relapse rates and less new brain lesions among MS patients. The literature review was conducted using open sources posted in electronic databases: PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, World Bank publications, WHO, eLibrary, Cyberleninka, Web of Science.

The purpose of this literature review is to elucidate the biological effects of polyphenols and their importance for human health. Polyphenols play the role of food antioxidants and are of growing interest in various fields of scientific research and including nutritional research due to the presence of these compounds in plant foods. In this review, a brief classification of polyphenols is presented. Polyphenols include a diverse group of compounds such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes and lignans. Flavonoids are found in fruits such as apples, apricots, grapes and citrus fruits; vegetables are rich in phenolic acids. Polyphenols are also rich in nuts, legumes, green tea, blueberries, cocoa. Polyphenols are of interest because of their effective direct and indirect antioxidant mechanisms for attenuating chronic diseases, as well as leveling negative lifestyle and nutritional factors. The antioxidant properties of polyphenolic compounds limit oxidative stress, which is relevant in geriatrics. Through a diet enriched with polyphenols, it is possible to reduce the likelihood of developing cancer, and diabetes. The favorable effect of polyphenols is noted on the functioning of the cardiovascular system. Polyphenols protect the endothelium from damage, slow the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, exhibit antithrombotic action. Having antioxidant activity, polyphenols inhibit lipoperoxidation processes, having a therapeutic effect in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. In particular, catechins are effective in Parkinson's disease and ferulic acid is effective in patients with Alzheimer's disease. The protective effects of polyphenols associated with their antioxidant activity make the use of these compounds in geriatrics attractive. Due not only to their antioxidant but also hypoglycemic properties, polyphenols may be an additional treatment for diabetes mellitus. The polyphenols theaflavins and thearubigins, found in black tea and possessing antioxidant properties, have anti-cancer effects. Polyphenols also protect the skin from sun damage. It can be concluded that patients with chronic diseases should be prescribed a diet rich in polyphenols.