Microneedles in ophthalmology: minimally invasive alternative to traditional methods. Review

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Current methods of drug delivery in ophthalmology are limited by the ocular anatomical and physiological barriers, which reduces bioavailability of drugs and requires frequent invasive procedures. Microneedles, innovative systems which provide targeted, minimally invasive, and effective drug delivery to the eye structures, are one of the most promising solutions. The review discusses the main types of microneedles (hollow, dissolving, and coated), their design features, mechanisms of action, advantages, and limitations. The article describes the methods of their insertion into the eye tissues, including the cornea, sclera, and suprachoroidal space, which allows choosing the optimal area to treat anterior and posterior segment conditions. The authors focused on technological aspects such as production methods (microelectromechanical systems, so-called MEMS, 3D printing, and laser ablation), coating materials, sterilization, and mechanical validation. The review covers a wide range of in vitro and in vivo studies confirming the ability of microneedles to provide prolonged drug release, reduce the risk of systemic side effects, and increase patient compliance. Dissolving and hollow microneedles were shown to be highly promising in treatment of glaucoma, keratitis, macular degeneration, infectious and inflammatory ocular conditions. The authors also discuss combined platforms based on microneedles with nanoparticles and hydrogels, which expand the range of possible applications. Thus, microneedles are a revolutionary platform in ophthalmology, which can significantly increase the effectiveness of drug therapy and improve the quality of life of patients. Further studies to optimize their design, biocompatibility, and release control are a key to their clinical implementation.

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作者简介

Emin Hmaidi

First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University

Email: hmaidi96@yandex.com
ORCID iD: 0009-0003-9164-2825
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

Kirill Sementsov

Academician I.P. Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: kirillsemencov95@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0009-0002-0029-1023
俄罗斯联邦, Saint Petersburg

Ilya Zernov

Academician I.P. Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University

Email: ilya.zernov.1994@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0008-1007-4560
俄罗斯联邦, Saint Petersburg

Amir Dikinov

Academician I.P. Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University

Email: Rex014032@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0007-8232-7240
俄罗斯联邦, Saint Petersburg

Dinara Garaeva

Dental Clinic ART-stom LLC

Email: d_zai@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0009-4759-9376

MD

俄罗斯联邦, Naberezhnye Chelny

Ksenia Kholkina

Bashkir State Medical University

Email: Kholkina_2001@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0006-1101-0222
俄罗斯联邦, Ufa

Elizaveta Tikhanovich

Bashkir State Medical University

Email: tixanovich.elizaveta@bk.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0001-5343-5118
俄罗斯联邦, Ufa

Anastasia Lovushkina

Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University

Email: alovushkina@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0005-0933-3893
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

Elvira Gumerova

Bashkir State Medical University

Email: El_vir_ka002@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0006-0044-9790
俄罗斯联邦, Ufa

Kirill Lilikov

Siberian State Medical University

Email: kirill-lilikov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0009-0798-6822
俄罗斯联邦, Tomsk

Anastasiya Fomina

Siberian State Medical University

Email: anastasiyafomina2001@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0005-1023-3697
俄罗斯联邦, Tomsk

Valeria Kolosova

Russian University of Medicine

Email: lera.kolosova.2001@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0009-7675-8153
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

Tatyana Meshcheryakova

Rostov State Medical University

Email: mesheryakova717@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0009-0006-4546-6922
俄罗斯联邦, Rostov-on-Don

Aleksey Bakaldin

Orenburg State Medical University

Email: barinl@bk.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0009-7628-025X
俄罗斯联邦, Orenburg

Svetlana Lazareva

Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University

Email: sveta-laz01@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0007-8209-7430
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

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