Potentials of 3D-Modeling in the Preclinical Stage of Root Needle Research

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INTRODUCTION: At present, the issue of high–quality processing of the root canal (RC) of the deciduous and permanent teeth remains important. However, the procedure is hindered by the complex anatomical shape of the RC and a presence of deltoid branches. A combination of the mechanical and drug treatment of the RC allows achieving the sterility of the tooth cavity, which is very important in the development of chronic periodontitis. However, to achieve sterility during drug treatment, dentists face a new problem of how to avoid damage to periodontal tissues using an antiseptic agent with the apical foramen opened. The technical characteristics of endodontic needles available for use at this stage failed to effectively solve this problem. Thus, the multitude of issues substantiates the need to improve the design of endodontic needles.

AIM: To determine the optimal technical characteristics of endodontic root needles and to develop a new design of an endodontic needle that allows uniform irrigation of the RC delta with minimal probability of damaging the periapical tissues.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: In designing an endodontic needle with the required technical characteristics, parameters that influence the quality of cleaning the RC were analyzed in SolidWorks 16 program. Computer modeling of the biological tooth model was implemented in SolidWorks Flow Simulation program.

RESULTS: Computer modeling was used to improve the endodontic root needle. Technical results were achieved by incorporating in the design all the positive aspects of analogs and eliminating the disadvantages. The designed endodontic needle contained 1 hole on the tip and 168 holes arranged in a checker–wise manner on the lateral surface. All holes have the same diameter of 0.1 mm, which evens out the pressure, reduces the central flow rate to the rate of peripheral flows, ensures uniform irrigation, and minimizes the likelihood of damage to the alveolar process.

CONCLUSION: A new model of an endodontic needle with one hole on the tip and 168 holes arranged in a checker–wise manner on the lateral surface ensures uniform irrigation of the RC surface and the entire perimeter with minimal likelihood of damaging periapical tissues even with the maximal depth of insertion of the needle into the RC.

全文:

略语表

RC — 根管

EDN — 根管治疗针

绪论

如何治疗牙齿?尽管有了现代设备、新材料和根管处理协议,这些问题并没有失去今天的相关性[1]。主要原因是根管解剖复杂,形成该器官的组织具有形态学和组织学特征。牙髓炎和牙周炎的治疗效果直接取决于根管治疗期间的行动顺序。第一阶段是小心地从消毒浴下的根管腔中取出所有受感染的组织,如果可能的话,避免将内容物推到根尖以外。第二阶段是用根管治疗器械机械去除根管壁感染组织。去除后,一些碎片会残留在根管壁上和根管腔内。下一阶段是药物治疗,即清除残余组织、微生物和润滑层[2–4]。

在很长一段时间里,在药物治疗期间,对根管使用防腐剂的最常见的方法是在坚硬的穿刺针上使用敷料,即根针。敷料重复使用,防腐剂的选择取决于诊断。到目前为止,另一种消毒分娩方法已经被广泛使用—使用根管冲洗针头的方法。这使在短时间内将大量的防腐剂注入根管。

根管治疗针(EDN)种类繁多,每一种都有自己的参数。它们在长度、直径、外观和制作材料上都有所不同。工作方法的知识和适当合理的工具选择的治疗复杂龋齿影响治疗的结果[1, 5]。

研究的目的:确定根管治疗针的最佳技术特性,并开发一种新的根管治疗针,其能够均匀地冲洗根管,同时对根尖周组织的损伤概率最小。

材料与方法

在设计具有所需技术特征的根管治疗针时,对影响根管清洁质量的指标分析是在Solid Works 16软件中进行的。在Solid Works Flow Simulation程序中,对牙齿与新针的生物模型进行了计算机仿真。

结果

该技术结果是通过赋予设计的所有积极方面的类似物,消除缺点。根管治疗针的设计有孔:针的尖端有1个孔,针的侧面有168个错开的孔。所有孔的直径都相同,均为0.1 mm,使压力均衡,中心流的速度降低到周围流的速度,既保证了均匀的冲洗,又最大限度地减少了对牙槽突的损害。

图1和图2解释了开发的根管治疗针模型用于根管防腐处理的本质。

 

图 1升级后的根管治疗针:1 — 插管;2 — 针体;3 — 侧孔;4 — 针尖孔。

图 带有孔的确切位置的针体三维模型:3 — 侧孔;4 — 针尖上的孔,正面图。

 

根管治疗针的主要作用是在不损伤牙周组织的情况下,将一定体积的防腐剂输送到根管中,进行定性治疗。在根管防腐处理过程中,考虑到所有可能的参数:根管治疗针插入根管的速度,根管治疗针插入根管的深度,防腐剂的体积,根管的形状和体积,我们在Solid Works Flow Simulation程序中使用一种新的根管针建立牙齿的生物模型,并与现有的根针进行比较,得出如下结果(见表 1)。当根管冲洗针头插入根管长度的1/3处时,在中等和最大流速(5 mm/s,9 mm/s)下,溶液渗透到牙齿根尖口以外的深度为0 mm(效率高),但根管下三分之一的灌溉密度却很小。

 

表 1基于Solid Works Flow Simulation软件中的生物牙模型模拟,对已知和升级的针头模型进行性能研究的结果

变数

已知针头模型

升级针头模型

针内线性流速,mm/s

7–8

6–7

根管内线状流速,mm/s

5–6

3–4

灌水器的灌水角度(考虑所有针孔),度

45–60

360

根尖周组织情况

受损

不损

 

根针以平均和最大流速插入根管长度的2/3处:5/9 mm/s—溶液在牙齿根尖开孔后的渗透深度为0 mm(高效),但根管下三分之一的灌洗密度平均。当把根管冲洗针头插入根管时,在中等和最大的流速下未达到3mm的生理开口:5/9mm/s,溶液的渗透深度超过牙齿的根尖开口是0mm(高效率),根管的下三分之一的灌溉密度较高。表1的数据分析显示了发展的根管针设计的优势。

讨论

文献分析表明,手动冲洗根管治疗针分为为两种类型。在第一种根管治疗针中,尖端端部有一个小孔,在第二种根管治疗针,尖端闭合,小孔位于侧面。第一种类型的根管治疗针的尖端为扁平、斜面或锯齿状,第二种类型的根管治疗针有一个侧孔、两个或更多的侧孔[5, 6]。

第一种根管治疗针与第二种不同,它能更好地清洗根管的根尖部分,但当使用时,由于压力的强烈增加,溶液被移到根尖周组织的风险相当高,而第二种根管治疗针具有反比的特性。斜面针是最危险的类型,由于受伤和堵塞的风险。最近提出,通过在针尖创造一个0.03 mm高的突起或一个0.04 mm深的凹痕来控制流量,从而改进具有两个或更多侧孔的根管治疗针。对于使用根管治疗针的有效性存在不同的看法:许多作者在其研究中未发现单通气和双通气根管针的有效性存在显著差异[6—8]。也有人报道单侧通气的 根管治疗针更有效[7, 9—11]。

高质量的根管治疗取决于许多因素。根管治疗针的插入深度一直是研究人员关注的焦点。E. Uzunoglu-Özyürek等人(2018),像大多数研究人员一样,考虑了2个级别的引入:比工作长度[12]少1 mm和3 mm。分析其结果表明,第一种根管治疗针可插入比工作长度短3 mm的根管治疗针;第二种根管治疗针可插入比工作长度短1 mm的根管治疗针,提高了三分之一的加工效率。

同样重要的是,在不损伤根尖周组织的情况下,在灌溉根管壁时,确定适当的压力以创造最佳的流速,并主动用新体积的防腐剂溶液替换体积[13, 14]。过高的压力会导致牙周组织受损,不仅是由于溶液的表面张力导致牙周开口附近形成的气泡,而且还会导致冲洗液本身的移除。根管灌溉是基于帕斯卡定律,根据该定律,压力等于力与表面积的比值。根据С. Boutsioukis等人的研究,许多因素影响了医生为创造最佳压力所施加的力量:医生的性别、工作经验、通道类型、注射器材料、针头直径、针头类型。因此,不可能谈及在注射器筒内产生的任何确切的普遍压力值。通常考虑在400-550 kPa范围内,因此灌溉水的流量不同[5, 15]。以> 0.1 m/s的溶液流速为最佳的组织冲洗和溶液交换。从针孔流出的流量减少了5—10倍,影响了从针尖交换溶液的深度。这种流体可以在压力下机械地通过针孔或简单地用灌溉水填充根管来清洁大面积的根管壁。研究表明,当流体在压力下直接撞击通道壁时,其净化程度比简单填充时要好[6, 13, 16, 17]。

除速度外,交换深度还受使用不同组根管针时产生的流动方向的影响。第一种根管治疗针的流动方向是牙根的尖端,第二种根管治疗针的流动方向是牙齿牙根壁。侧向流动方向可以很好地机械清洗壁面,而顶流方向可以在深度处更好地交换溶液[6, 15]。在交换深度方面,平针、斜针和锯齿形根管针表现最好,将新溶液输送到距针尖2.5 mm的深度,而单侧通风针和双侧通风针表现较差,达到1.5 mm(多通风针,达到1 mm)。基于这些数据,第一种根管治疗针可以很好地将灌洗剂送到深度,但会增加根尖周组织损伤的风险,因此,为了防止损伤,值得使用有两个或两个以上侧孔的根管治疗针[6, 15]。

С. Boutsioukis等人在对根管治疗针的研究中指出,第一种根管治疗针在尺寸为30、锥度为2%的牙髓根部三分之一处流动所产生的压力平均约为400千帕,而第二种根管治疗针—约为120千帕[5, 15]。这些值证实了使用第一种根管治疗针的危险性[5, 15, 16]。手动冲洗可以对根管的上部和中部进行良好的冲洗,但对根尖三分之一处的冲洗不够充分。这是由于溶液的表面张力,它允许形成气泡。

基于对根管针正反面的分析结果,我们提出通过计算机建模对根管针进行改进。同时综合考虑影响根管净化质量的各项指标,通过分析,设计出具有必要技术特性的根针[18—20]。

结论

新型根管治疗针在针尖上有1个孔,侧面有168个交错的孔,即使在最大的根管插入深度,也能对根管表面周边进行均匀的冲洗,将根尖周组织损伤的风险降到最低。

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Funding. This study was not supported by any external sources of funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

Contribution of the authors: A. V. Kuligin  concеpt and dеsign of thе study, еditing, L. N. Kazakova — collеction and procеssing of thе matеrial, writing thе tеxt, еditing, O. S. Tereshchuk — collеction and procеssing of thе matеrial, writing thе tеxt, V. V. Bokov — collеction and procеssing of thе matеrial, statistical procеssing. All authors made a substantial contribution to the conception of the work, acquisition, analysis, interpretation of data for the work, drafting and revising the work, final approval of the version to be published and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Финансирование. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии внешнего финансирования при проведении исследования.

Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.

Вклад авторов: Кулигин А. В. — концепция и дизайн исследования, редактирование, Казакова Л. Н. — сбор и обработка материала, написание текста, редактирование, Терещук О. С. — сбор и обработка материала, написание текста, Боков В. В. — сбор и обработка материала, статистическая обработка. Все авторы подтверждают соответствие своего авторства международным критериям ICMJE (все авторы внесли существенный вклад в разработку концепции, проведение исследования и подготовку статьи, прочли и одобрили финальную версию перед публикацией).

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作者简介

Aleksandr V. Kuligin

Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University

Email: avkuligin@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5705-215X
SPIN 代码: 5047-3702
Researcher ID: AAD-9401-2021

MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Prof., The Head of Department of emergency, anesthesiology, resuscitation and simulation technologies of medicine

俄罗斯联邦, Saratov

Larisa N. Kazakova

Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University

Email: klarisa.2020@bk.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8060-1348
SPIN 代码: 1535-4928
Researcher ID: JDAAD-4276-2021

MD, Candidate of Medical Science, the Docent at the Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics

俄罗斯联邦, Saratov

Oksana S. Tereshchuk

Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University

Email: kleo.ok@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4917-797X
SPIN 代码: 2623-7331

Аssistant of Department of emergency, anesthesiology, resuscitation and simulation technologies of medicine

俄罗斯联邦, Saratov

Vadim V. Bokov

Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: vadim.bokovv@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2059-8321
Researcher ID: JDAAN-7558-2021

5 year student of the dental department

俄罗斯联邦, Saratov

参考

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补充文件

附件文件
动作
1. JATS XML
2. 图 1升级后的根管治疗针:1 — 插管;2 — 针体;3 — 侧孔;4 — 针尖孔。

下载 (13KB)
3. 图 2 带有孔的确切位置的针体三维模型:3 — 侧孔;4 — 针尖上的孔,正面图。

下载 (19KB)

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