Emergence of a zone of disturbed rock in the vicinity of dynamic slip along a tectonic fault

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The article presents results of 2D simulations of formation of a zone of disturbed rock during the development of a dynamic shear along a horizontal tectonic fault. Different sliding regimes are studied: the sub-Rayleigh one (the rupture propagation velocity Vr does not exceed the velocity of Rayleigh wave in the medium) and the supershear one (the Vr value is higher than the velocity of transverse waves). Contributions of tear and shear mechanisms to the process of emerging zone of disturbed rock in the vicinity of a fault at different depths is considered. The degree of alteration in physical and mechanical properties of rock at different distances from the fault is assessed. It is shown that at large depths lithostatic stresses completely suppress rupture, and rock destruction occurs solely due to shear deformation. At shallow depths, the tear mechanism becomes predominant. The stress release associated with emerging of tensile cracks leads to an abrupt decrease of the zone of shear fracture. This zone is localized only in the immediate vicinity of the rupture plane. An increase in the tearing strength leads to an increase in the size of the shear fracture zone. In supershear ruptures, the fracture zone can have a complex, non-simple character. A change in the propagation velocity of longitudinal waves Cp by more than 15–20% occurs only in the immediate vicinity of the slip plane at a distance of 10–20 m. At large distances, the degree of change in the value does not exceed 10%. At shallow depths, there may be tensile cracks that propagate over significant distances from the slip plane.

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作者简介

А. Budkov

Sadovsky Institute of Geospheres Dynamics of Russian Academy of Sciences

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Email: gevorgkidg@mail.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

G. Kocharyan

Sadovsky Institute of Geospheres Dynamics of Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: gevorgkidg@mail.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

Z. Sharafiev

Sadovsky Institute of Geospheres Dynamics of Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: gevorgkidg@mail.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

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2. Fig. 1. Statement of the problem: 1 — fault plane; 2 — plane of 2D calculation of the destruction process; 3 — nucleation zone.

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3. Fig. 2. The relationship between the strength measure S, peak τu and residual τf frictional strength of the fracture, and the level of background stresses τ0.

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4. Fig. 3. Features of the relationship between the stress field parameters and the rock strength at different depths for the adopted problem statement: (a) — dependences on the depth of the square root of the second invariant of the lithostatic stress tensor and the shear strength of the rock; (b) — dependences on the depth of the diagonal components of the lithostatic stress tensor in the principal axes. The dotted line shows the rock tensile strength. The calculations were carried out for the case of a background shear stress field τ0 = 73.8 MPa (according to the work [Budkov, Kocharyan, 2024]).

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5. Fig. 4. Hodographs of the rupture arrival at different depths. Parameter S = 2.0.

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6. Fig. 5. Hodographs of the rupture arrival at a depth of 9 km for ruptures with different values ​​of the parameter S.

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7. Fig. 6. Hodographs of the rupture arrival at different depths.

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8. Fig. 7. Configuration of the rock failure zone in several calculation variants (vertical section). The shear failure zone is shown in black, the zone of combined failure by rupture and shear is shown in brown, and the failure zones by rupture are shown in green and blue. The abscissa axis is the reduced distance along the fault from the initiation point; the ordinate axis y is the lateral distance from the fault plane in meters. In calculation variants (a)–(d), S = 2; reduced time . In variant (e), S = 0.7; . Fault depth: (a), (d) — yf = 6 km; (b), (d) — yf = 7 km; (c), (e) — yf = 9 km. Variants in Fig. (d) and (d) — calculation without failure by rupture.

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9. Fig. 8. Spatial distribution of the relative change in the velocity of longitudinal waves in the massif (vertical section): (a) S = 2; reduced time , fault depth yf = 6 km; (b) S = 0.7; ; yf = 9 km. The length along the fault (abscissa axis) is shown in reduced units. The lateral width (ordinate axis) is shown in meters. The color scale is the value .

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