Deep Penetrating Cooling in the Black Sea as a Reaction to Cold Air Intrusions in Winter

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We study the reaction of the Black Sea upper layer, and in particular the cold intermediate layer (CIL), to intense wind forcing during cold air intrusions (CAIs) in winter. Using atmospheric reanalysis ERA5 and marine reanalysis Copernicus, we obtained joint distributions of surface wind speed and water temperature differences at various depths for the period of 2000–2020. It is shown that reaction time of the sea upper layer to such extreme weather event as CAI is about 2 days. Also, it is shown that CAI influence extends to great depths, up to 60–70 m. Using coupled mesoscale sea-atmosphere model, we investigated the cooling mechanisms of the sea upper layer during the CAI case in January, 23–25, 2010. Two sensitivity experiments with suppressed air-sea interaction were performed. In the first experiment, sensible and latent heat fluxes from the sea surface were switched off. In the second experiment, wind shear stress at the sea surface was switched off. It is shown that the main reason for temperature decrease in the upper mixed layer was sea surface cooling due to sensible and latent heat fluxes. And the mechanism of deep cooling, that penetrates to the pycnocline, was vertical turbulent mixing caused by wind waves breaking and shear instability. In the first experiment, temperature decrease was insignificant; it was caused mainly by the entrainment of cold water from the CIL through the lower boundary of the mixed layer. In the second experiment, temperature decrease was as significant as in the control run. It is shown that after switching off wind shear stress in the second experiment turbulent mixing in the upper quasi-homogeneous layer of the sea changed fundamentally. In order to compensate the decrease of turbulence intensity and provide the same vertical heat flux as in the control run, the spatial vertical scale of turbulent eddies increased.

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作者简介

V. Efimov

Marine Hydrophysical Institute of the RAS

Email: darik777@mhi-ras.ru
俄罗斯联邦, 2, Kapitanskaya St., Sevastopol, 299011

D. Yarovaya

Marine Hydrophysical Institute of the RAS

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: darik777@mhi-ras.ru
俄罗斯联邦, 2, Kapitanskaya St., Sevastopol, 299011

O. Komarovskaya

Marine Hydrophysical Institute of the RAS

Email: darik777@mhi-ras.ru
俄罗斯联邦, 2, Kapitanskaya St., Sevastopol, 299011

参考

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2. Fig. 1. Sea temperature change (°С) at a depth of 30 m during the CCS on 23-25 January 2010 from data of the Copernicus reanalysis. The point (32°E; 44.5°N) is marked, for which Figs. 4-7.

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3. Fig. 2. Joint distribution of water temperature change ∆T(t) = T(t) - T(t - 2) and drive wind speed V(t), where t is time in days, at depths of (a) 0.5 m, (b) 47 m at (32°E; 44°N).

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4. Fig. 3. Joint distribution of total sea surface heat flux (W/m2) at point (31°E; 45°N) and drive wind speed (m/s) at point (31°E; 46.7°N).

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5. Fig. 4. Variation of the upper sea surface temperature (°C) during the cold intrusion on 23-25 January 2010 at (32°E; 44.5°N) for (a) the main calculation, (b) experiment 1, and (c) experiment 2. The upper part of the figure shows the sea surface friction stress (N/m2; black line) and the total heat flux (W/m2; red line).

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6. Fig. 5. Variation of vertical temperature profiles (°C) during the cold intrusion on 23-25 January 2010 at (32°E; 44.5°N) for (a) the main calculation, (b) experiment 1, (c) experiment 2.

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7. Fig. 6. Variation of the vertical momentum exchange coefficient (m2/s) during the cold intrusion on 23-25 January 2010 at (32°E; 44.5°N) for (a) main calculation, (b) experiment 1, (c) experiment 2.

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8. Fig. 7. Vertical profiles of a) exchange coefficient (m2/s), b) TKE (m2/s2), and c) mixing path (m) at (32°E; 44.5°N) at 12 h on 23 January 2010 for the main calculation, experiment 1, and experiment 2. For clarity, in Fig. 7b, the TKE value for experiment 2 is increased by a factor of 10.

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