Distinction of Fusarium temperatum and F. subglutinans in the F. fujikuroi species complex

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Abstract

Fusarium strains isolated from the different plant hosts and formerly identified as Fusarium subglutinans s. l. according to morphological characteristics were analyzed in detail. Based on phylogenetic analysis of three loci (TEF, tub, and RPB2) two strains isolated from stem of wheat and root of rape were re-identified as F. temperatum. This is first report of rape and wheat as a novel plant host for F. temperatum that mainly associated with maize. This is also the first detection of F. temperatum in Russia. Other strains turned out to be F. subglutinans s.str. The examination of morphological characters has not revealed remarkable variation between the species: the features of F. temperatum and F. subglutinans are sufficiently similar to exclude confidence in identification based on visual assessment. Two F. temperatum strains possess alternate MAT idiomorphs, whereas the both F. subglutinans strains contain only MAT-1 idiomorph. Fertile crossings were observed between two F. temperatum strains in the laboratory conditions. Both F. temperatum strains produced beauvericin in high amounts of 1665 and 6106 μg kg-1 in contrast to F. subglutinans strains. Additionally, one F. temperatum strain produced 3407 μg kg-1 moniliformin. No one from the analyzed strains produced the fumonisins. The differentiation of the F. temperatum and F. subglutinans species is possible only with the involvement of molecular genetics and chemotaxonomic methods.

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About the authors

T. Yu. Gagkaeva

All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection

Author for correspondence.
Email: t.gagkaeva@mail.ru
Russian Federation, St. Petersburg

O. P. Gavrilova

All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection

Email: olgavrilova1@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, St. Petersburg

A. S. Orina

All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection

Email: orina-alex@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, St. Petersburg

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2. Fig. 1. A dendrogram of the phylogenetic similarity of species of the Fusarium fujikuroi complex, constructed on the basis of combined nucleotide sequences of TEF, tub, and RPB2 fragments of the genome by the maximum likelihood method. The nodes contain bootstrap support values (> 70%) for maximum likelihood and maximum economy analysis, as well as Bayesian a posteriori probability values (> 0.95). The F. oxysporum NRRL 22902 strain was used as an external group.

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3. Fig. 2. Morphology of cultures of Fusarium temperatum and F. subglutinans strains on the seventh day on Cz and KDA media at 25 ° C and different lighting modes. In each photo, there is a culture surface on the left, and a reverse on the right.

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4. Fig. 3. Micromorphology of Fusarium temperatum: A — false heads in the aerial mycelium above the sporodochium located on the surface of the agar; B –I — conidiophores, phialid and blastic conidiogenic cells; K — false head; L, M — microconidia on phialid holes on the surface of the hyphae; H, O — branched sporodochial conidiophores; P — mesoconidia; P — sickle-shaped macroconidia. The photos of I–M were taken using transparent adhesive tape (scotch). Scale: A — 200 microns; B–P — 20 microns.

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5. Fig. 4. Micromorphology of Fusarium subglutinans: A — sporodochium on the surface of the wheatgrass stem; B — sporodochia on the surface of SNA; C, G — aerial mycelium, conidiophores and false heads; D–K — conidiophores, phialid and blastic conidiogenic cells; L — aerial mycelium and conidiophores; M — mesoconidia; H — sickle-shaped macroconidia. The photos of the D–L were taken using transparent adhesive tape (scotch). Scale: A — 500 microns; B — 50 microns; C, D — 100 microns; D–H — 20 microns.

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6. Fig. 5. Teleomorph of Fusarium temperatum: A, B — formation of perithecia when crossing strains on KDA with fragments of wheatgrass; C, D — fertile perithecium; E, E — perithecium with altered color under the influence of 90% lactic acid; G — asci and ascospores released from perithecium; Z — ascospores. Scale: B — 1 mm; C–E — 100 microns; W, W — 20 microns.

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