Monitoring of mud-volcanic fluid manifestations in the Caspian Sea according to multispectral satellite data

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In this paper, 180 cases of mud-volcanic fluid (MVF) manifestations on the marine surface and in the near-surface layer of the Caspian Sea in the area of Cheleken-Livanovsk Rise in 2019-2021 were detected and studied based on the results of satellite monitoring using multispectral satellite data. For the areas of MVF manifestations, the reflectance was analyzed in 7 spectral bands of the Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2A/B equipment in the wavelength range of 0.44–2.2 µm. Significant positive contrasts in Violet (~0.44 µm), Blue (~0.48 µm), and Green (~0.56 µm) spectral bands due to the presence of suspended matter and gas bubbles in the near-surface layer of the water column were detected in the areas of MVF manifestations. Mathematic expectations of Weber contrasts in those spectral bands varied in a range between С~0.47 and С~0.77. Complex analysis of spatiogeometric MVF manifestation characteristics and region bathymetry map allowed us to find coordinates of emission sources that corresponded to the peak of the mud-volcanic shoal.

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Sobre autores

V. Bondur

AEROCOSMOS Research Institute for Aerospace Monitoring

Autor responsável pela correspondência
Email: office@aerocosmos.info
Rússia, Moscow

V. Chernikova

AEROCOSMOS Research Institute for Aerospace Monitoring

Email: office@aerocosmos.info
Rússia, Moscow

V. Zamshin

AEROCOSMOS Research Institute for Aerospace Monitoring

Email: office@aerocosmos.info
Rússia, Moscow

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2. Fig. 1. The layout of the studied area of the water area (yellow rectangle), superimposed on the bathymetric map of the Caspian Sea.

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3. Fig. 2. Generalized scheme of the research.

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4. Fig. 3. The diagram of the correspondence of the wavelengths of the spectral channels of the Landsat-8 (OLI equipment, red rectangles) and Sentinel-2A/B (MSI equipment, green rectangles) satellites. The corresponding channels are marked with thickened contours.

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5. Fig. 4. a ‒ examples of satellite multispectral images (synthesis in natural colors - RGB) of sea surface areas with manifestations of GWF; b ‒ spectral reflectivity profiles constructed using data from the “red”, “green”, “blue” channels.

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6. Fig. 5. Examples of joint analysis of quasi-synchronous optical (Sentinel-2A/B, color fragments) and radar (Sentinel-1A/B, grayscale fragments) space images of GWFs (a–b) and oil seeps (c–e) identified in the work (Matrosova et al., 2022).

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7. Fig. 6. a ‒ Overview map of the southern Caspian Sea with a highlighted study area and detected generalized GWF contours; b, c ‒ maps of the contours of identified GWFs on an enlarged scale and the corresponding color-coded maps of the number of GWF observations (d, e); d ‒ depth map in the study area (isobath depths are marked with numbers from 10 to 60 (m)).

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8. Fig. 7. Distribution graphs by months (from 2019 to 2021): a-c – the number of satellite images and cases of GVF registration; d – the number of cases of GVF detection, expressed as a percentage of the number of surveys.

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9. Fig. 8. a ‒ Graphs of mathematical expectations of the spectral reflectivity of GVF manifestation zones (red line) and the background sea surface (blue line), obtained from the results of joint processing of data from the Sentinel-2A/B (112 scenes) and Landsat-8 (68 scenes) satellites; b ‒ graph of the change in GVF contrast depending on the spectral channel used.

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