Types of effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the human body: from coagulopathy to cytokine storm

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Abstract

Review focuses on the clinical presentation and pathogenesis of COVID-19, particularly in the context of the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 virus and angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE-II), which plays a key role in viral entry into host cells. The article details the mechanisms underlying cytokine storm, coagulopathy and other important aspects of severe disease, including increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and alterations in the haemostasis system. This article analyses the consequences of abnormal activation of the immune system leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation and multi-organ failure. In addition, the role of anticoagulant therapy in the prevention and treatment of thrombotic complications is discussed. The study emphasises the need for an individual approach in the treatment and prevention of COVID-19 depending on the severity of the disease and other clinical parameters.

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About the authors

K. M. Nikolaychuk

Novosibirsk National Research State University; Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: k.nikolaichuk@g.nsu.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8364-6066
SPIN-code: 9085-8093
Russian Federation, Novosibirsk; Novosibirsk

S. A. Yakovleva

Novosibirsk National Research State University

Email: k.nikolaichuk@g.nsu.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0656-5806
Russian Federation, Novosibirsk

E. V. Shrayner

Novosibirsk National Research State University; Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Center for New Medical Technologies; S.LAB PHARM (Soloways)

Email: k.nikolaichuk@g.nsu.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3606-4068
SPIN-code: 1089-6080

Candidate of Medical Sciences

Russian Federation, Novosibirsk; Novosibirsk; Novosibirsk; Novosibirsk

P. Ya. Platonova

Novosibirsk National Research State University

Email: k.nikolaichuk@g.nsu.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0004-1880-9585
SPIN-code: 9529-4061
Russian Federation, Novosibirsk

M. F. Novikova

Novosibirsk National Research State University

Email: k.nikolaichuk@g.nsu.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0008-7479-8277
SPIN-code: 2719-9753
Russian Federation, Novosibirsk

A. S. Tumas

Novosibirsk National Research State University

Email: k.nikolaichuk@g.nsu.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0004-1138-6049
SPIN-code: 2808-4138
Russian Federation, Novosibirsk

E. E. Vergunova

Novosibirsk National Research State University

Email: k.nikolaichuk@g.nsu.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0003-0793-4236
SPIN-code: 7846-8500
Russian Federation, Novosibirsk

D. A. Lukichev

Novosibirsk National Research State University

Email: k.nikolaichuk@g.nsu.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0000-5888-0651
Russian Federation, Novosibirsk

D. A. Sergeev

Novosibirsk National Research State University

Email: k.nikolaichuk@g.nsu.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0007-9699-233X
Russian Federation, Novosibirsk

A. I. Khavkin

Research and Clinical Institute of Childhood; Belgorod State University

Email: k.nikolaichuk@g.nsu.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7308-7280
SPIN-code: 6070-9473

MD, Professor

Russian Federation, Moscow; Belgorod

E. A. Pokushalov

Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Center for New Medical Technologies

Email: k.nikolaichuk@g.nsu.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9494-4234
SPIN-code: 1032-1810

Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, MD, Professor

Russian Federation, Novosibirsk; Novosibirsk

D. A. Kudlay

Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University; Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: k.nikolaichuk@g.nsu.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1878-4467
SPIN-code: 4129-7880

Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, MD

Russian Federation, Moscow; Moscow

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2. Fig. 1. The intensity of the antiviral response is critical to the outcome of COVID-19: а – mild and moderate form of COVID-19; б – severe form of COVID-19

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3. Fig. 2. Potential mechanism of cytokine storm in COVID-19 (the binding of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE-II leads to the accumulation of AT-II, preventing the transition to angiotensin-(1-7) and, thereby, triggering signaling pathways for the activation of cytokines)

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