Etiology and classification of gummy smile as a key to successful management and aesthetically good result

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Abstract

Smile aesthetics is an important aspect of orthodontic treatment. This review presents data from international and russian studies about gummy smile etiology, classification and available treatment. Given the lack of a unified classification of gummy smile, treatment outcomes may not always be predictable. Based on the analysis of available data about etiology, classification, and treatment options of the gummy smile, it is possible in the future to create a new, more complete system for evaluating smile parameters. This data will help to make more convenient scheme for determining successful management of a patient with gummy smile and obtaining aesthetically good results.

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About the authors

Е. S. Volokovaya

Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Ministry of Health of Russia

Author for correspondence.
Email: ivolokovaya@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0009-0007-5568-1252
Russian Federation, Moscow

А. B. Slabkovskaya

A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Ministry of Health of Russia

Email: ivolokovaya@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8154-5093

Professor, MD

Russian Federation, Moscow

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