Regulation of glutathione levels: the role of vitamins, micronutrients, nutrients and nutritional strategies

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Abstract

Glutathione (GSH) is a central component of the body's antioxidant system involved in protection against oxidative stress, detoxification, regulation of immune response and metabolic stability. GSH deficiency is associated with a multitude of pathologic conditions including neurodegenerative and cancer diseases, HIV, inflammatory and metabolic disorders. This review considers nutrient strategies for increasing glutathione levels: vitamins (C, E, B6), selenium, magnesium, omega-3, alpha-lipoic acid, amino acids (glutamine, glycine, cysteine, serine, taurine), and protein sources. Data on the efficacy of various forms of GSH delivery – oral, liposomal, sublingual, and intravenous - are highlighted. The influence of genetic polymorphisms and dietary patterns (Mediterranean diet, DASH, vegetarianism) on glutathione metabolism is reviewed. The presented data emphasize the importance of an integrated approach to the maintenance of redox homeostasis and the need for a personalized strategy of glutathione status correction taking into account nutrient saturation, genetics and clinical background of the patient.

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About the authors

E. V. Shrayner

Novosibirsk National Research State University; Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Center for New Medical Technologies; "Soloways" laboratory

Author for correspondence.
Email: sch704@icloud.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3606-4068
SPIN-code: 1089-6080

Candidate of Medical Sciences

Russian Federation, Novosibirsk; Novosibirsk; Novosibirsk; Novosibirsk

V. I. Bystrova

Novosibirsk National Research State University; Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: sch704@icloud.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3522-5384
SPIN-code: 4479-6770
Russian Federation, Novosibirsk; Novosibirsk

E. A. Pokushalov

Center for New Medical Technologies; "Soloways" laboratory

Email: sch704@icloud.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9494-4234
SPIN-code: 1032-1810

Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, MD

Russian Federation, Novosibirsk; Novosibirsk

A. D. Romanova

Murmansk Arctic University

Email: sch704@icloud.com
ORCID iD: 0009-0004-6814-4331
Russian Federation, Murmansk

D. S. Markin

Novosibirsk National Research State University

Email: sch704@icloud.com
ORCID iD: 0009-0006-6845-1686
Russian Federation, Novosibirsk

D. A. Kudlay

Novosibirsk National Research State University; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University); M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: sch704@icloud.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1878-4467
SPIN-code: 4129-7880

Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, MD

Russian Federation, Novosibirsk; Moscow; Moscow

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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. Glutathione levels and comorbidities

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3. Fig. 2. Effect of different diets on health

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