EFFECT OF ANTHROPOGENIC CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES ON NEONATAL WEIGHT


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Abstract

Background. Some heavy metals, cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in particular, may have effects on babies’ birth weight. Objective. To study the relationship between prenatal Pb and Cd exposure and low neonatal birth weight. Subject and methods. The population-based cross-sectional study recruited 242 puerperas randomly selected from a population of Chita pregnant women who had given birth to a baby at more than 32 weeks’ gestation. Group 1 (n = 108) included pairs of a mother and an infant of low birth weight (LBW); Group 2 (n = 134) consisted of pairs of a mother and an infant of normal birth weight for respective gestational age. The inclusion criteria were age of 20 to 40 years and at least 5-year residence in the region. The urinary concentrations of Pb and Cd in the mother-infant pairs were tested using atomic absorption spectrometry. The primary endpoint was a threshold urinary Pb/Cd level in the women and their infants in relation to the detection of LBW. The secondary endpoint was the mean urinary Pb and Cd level in the women and their infants in the comparable groups; a correlation between urinary Pb and Cd count in the mother-infant pairs and neonatal birth weight, as well as an adjusted odds ratio for the development of LBW neonates in relation to the urinary level of Pb and Cd in the examined pairs. Results. The LBW group showed higher urinary concentrations of Pb in the puerperas and neonatal infants and those of Cd in the neonates (p < 0,0001). The urinary content of Cd in the puerperas did not significantly differ between the groups (p = 0,1468). There was a significant negative correlation between the urinary level of Pb in the puerperas and their infants and neonatal weight (r = -0,5954 and r = -0,6369, respectively; p < 0,01), and between that of Cd in the newborn infants and their weight (r = -0,8745; p < 0,01). The urinary content of Cd in the women did not correlate with neonatal weight. ROC analysis (area under curve (AUC) 0,802) determined the threshold concentration of Pb in relation to the development of LBW infants, which was 0,0055 mg/l in the female urine and 0,0059 mg/l in the neonatal one. The threshold concentration of Cd in the neonatal urine was 0,0057 mg/ml with A UC 0,787. That in the maternal urine was 0,0035 mg/l with A UC 0,807. Conclusion. The higher urinary concentrations of Pb and Cd in the neonates those of Pb in their mothers were associated with an increased risk for the birth of low-birth-weight infants.

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About the authors

N. V DOLGUSHINA

Academician V. I. Kulakov Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia

Email: n_dolgushina@oparina4.ru

E. V KAZANTSEVA

Chita State Medical Academy

Email: kalevi@yandex.ru

L. V PIVOVAROV

Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Trans-Baikal Territory

Email: kirrangel@yandex.ru

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