Fetal growth retardation in the context of fetal programming


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Abstract

Current literature data on the role of fetal programming in fetal growth retardation are analyzed. The paper considers the mechanisms and scientific hypotheses of fetal programming, which lead to the formation of a predisposition in children to metabolic, endocrine, and cardiovascular diseases just in adulthood. It discusses the role of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis in fetal programming and its relationship between fetal growth retardation and obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. The paper describes a pregnant woman’s exposure to various adverse environmental factors and their influence on the expression of the genes responsible for the synthesis of the hormones that regulate energy metabolism. A special role is assigned to epigenetic mechanisms. The latter manifest themselves as responses to certain negative prenatal factors, form the basis for fetal programming, determine not only the final weight and growth rates for the newborn, but also form the latter’s predisposition to various diseases. Conclusion: Emerging information about the role of fetal programming in the development of certain diseases in adult life may become an important driving force in an attempt to stop the incidence rate of this pathology.

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About the authors

Ekaterina E. Soldatova

Academician V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia

Email: katerina.soldatova95@bk.ru
postgraduate student

Natalia E. Kan

Academician V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia

Email: kan-med@mail.ru
Professor, MD, PhD, Deputy Director for Science

Victor L. Tyutyunnik

Academician V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia

Email: tioutiounnik@mail.ru
Professor, MD, PhD, Leading Researcher of Research and Development Service

Maria V. Volochaeva

Academician V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia

Email: m_volochaeva@oparina4.ru
PhD, Senior Researcher, 1st Obstetrics Department

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