River flow structure and its effect on pollutant distribution

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Abstract

Observations show that the space and time heterogeneity of river water composition persists over indefinite time even when the effect of pollutant sources and sinks is minor. The driving forces of such heterogeneity have been supposed and shown to be, among other factors, the stratification of water matrix. Studying the structure of water flow and its effect on pollutant distribution in water was based on a system of fundamental equations of the mechanics of a fluid with a free surface. It has been shown that such effect is due to the fine structure of flows, vortices, waves and highgradient interfaces (ligaments), which is formed and maintained by the motion of water masses. This conclusion extends our knowledge of the hydrological characteristics of water flow, enables one to better understand the nature of the heterogeneity of natural water composition, and it is of practical significance as such heterogeneity can be taken into account in making water management decisions.

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About the authors

Yu. D. Chashechkin

Ishlinsky Institute for Problems in Mechanics, Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: chakin@ipmnet.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

O. M. Rozental

Water Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: orosental@rambler.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. The dependence of the monthly concentration of ammonium ion in 2001, 2002 from the observation point on sections 1 (60 m from the coast, solid line) and 2 (in the middle of the river flow, dashed line).

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3. Fig. 2. The frequency of repetition of the concentration of ammonium nitrogen in 2000–2010, according to the results of observations.

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4. Fig. 3. Calculated (a), (c) and observed shadow (b), (d) patterns of flows induced by diffusion on a fixed plate (L = 5 cm, N = 0.84 s – 1, Tb = 7.5 s): (b) - φ = 0 °, the method of “vertical slit - Foucault knife”; (d) - φ = 40 °, “shadow method” with a horizontal slit and a lattice.

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5. Fig. 4. Fields of pressure disturbances near the wedge (L = 10 cm, h = 2 cm, Tb = 6.28 s): (a) during the flow induced by diffusion on the stationary wedge, (b) during forced movement at a speed of U = 0.001 cm / s (darkened zone - deficit, light - excess compared to the unperturbed value).

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6. Fig. 5. Restructuring of the impurity distribution pattern during flow organization relative to the cylinder in a continuously stratified fluid (D = 7.6 cm; Tb = 7.1 s; U = 0.24 cm / s; Fr = 0.035; Re = 180: (a) the initial marker distribution in the resting liquids, (b) - after 55 s after the start of movement, streaky structures appear, visualizing the structure of the ligaments.

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