编号 5 (2024)

Introduction. The article evaluates the toxicity and danger of a chelating agent based on a mixture of di- and triammonium salts of nitrilotriacetic acid.

The relevance of the study is related to the assessment of the impact of this substance on water and atmospheric air, especially in the context of its use in oil production and potential release into the environment and impact on humans.

Material and methods. The studies included assessing the effect of the substance on the organoleptic characteristics of water, the process of self-purification of water bodies, as well as conducting acute and subacute toxicological tests to study the effect of the mixture on the body of warm-blooded animals.

Results. For a mixture of di- and triammonium salts of nitrilotriacetic acid, a value of 70 mg/l is recommended as the threshold concentration for the organoleptic indicator, the limiting indicator is odor. The mixture does not affect the processes of self-purification of water in water bodies at the maximum studied concentration. Toxicological studies have shown that the mixture is classified in the 3^rd hazard class (LD₅₀ 2250±250 mg/kg) and has a high degree of accumulation. In addition, it has a moderate irritant effect on the mucous membrane of the eye and intact skin upon repeated application, and does not have a skin-resorptive effect. After prolonged exposure, the mixture affects the blood parameters of animals, as well as the functional state of the liver and kidneys.

Limitations. The studies were carried out in accordance with the requirements of Methodological instructions 2.1.5.720–98 and Methodological instructions 2630–82. The research results are applicable in substantiating hygienic standards in the water of water bodies and atmospheric air.

Conclusion. Thus, based on literature data, as well as our own research, for a mixture of di- and triamonium salts of nitrilotriacetic acid, we can recommend a value of 0.8 mg/l as the approximate permissible level in the water of water bodies (hazard indicator — sanitary-toxicological, hazard class — 2), and a value of 0.1 mg/m³ as the tentative safe exposure level in the atmospheric air of populated areas.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was carried out in accordance with generally accepted rules for the ethical treatment of laboratory animals and was approved by the Bioethical Commission of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Scientific Research Institute of Human Ecology and the Environment named after A.N. Sysin” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation 06.02.2017.

Authors contribution. All co-authors made an equal contribution to the research and preparation of the article for publication.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Accepted: May 23, 2023 / Revised: August 22, 2024 / Received: September 20, 2024 / Published: October 30, 2024

Introduction. Among the complex of environmental factors that are subject to toxicological and hygienic studies, household chemicals deserve great attention due to their mass production, a variety of components and formulations, as well as possible direct effects on the human body.

The purpose of the work is to conduct comparative studies on the study of toxicometric parameters of new synthetic detergents.

Material and methods. In accordance with the planned purpose of the study in the biological testing laboratory of the “Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman”, experiments were conducted to establish the parameters of acute oral toxicity, to determine the presence of a possible irritant effect on the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes, the single and multiple (10 applications) skin-resorptive effect of the working solution was studied, the sensitizing properties of the compounds were investigated. The research was carried out in accordance with the methodological guidelines: MG 4230–86, MG 2102–79, MG 2196–80, MG 1.1.578–96. At the end of the study, rats were euthanized using CO₂ at the AE0904 animal euthanasia unit. The results of the conducted studies were processed by statistically generally accepted methods using the Student’s t-criteria in the Microsoft Excel.

Results. When studying the acute oral toxicity of samples of synthetic detergents, it was found that the average lethal dose LD₅₀ (rats) is > 5000 mg/kg of body weight. When applied once to the skin (rats and rabbits) and to the mucous membranes of the eye (guinea pigs and rabbits), the samples of detergents do not cause irritation, do not have a skin-resorptive (rats) and allergenic effect (guinea pigs).

Limitations related to the analysis of the results of experimental data on toxicometric parameters (determination of LD₅₀, irritant effect on the skin and mucous membrane of the eye, skin-resorptive and allergic effects) without taking into account the carcinogenic effect of new synthetic detergents on the body of warm-blooded (rats).

Conclusions. Comparative studies have not revealed any differences in the toxicometric parameters of the studied synthetic detergents. It was found that in all samples, the average lethal dose LD₅₀ orally is >5000 mg/kg of body weight; irritant effect on the skin and mucous membranes of the eye — 0 points; clinical signs of intoxication with irritative and resorptive action were not revealed; sensitizing properties of the drugs — 0 points. Synthetic detergents samples according to the studied parameters belong to low-risk compounds.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal Budgetary Institution of Science “Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman” of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (a protocol of the meeting No. 4 of 17.05.2022).

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Accepted: December 14, 2023 / Revised: May 8, 2024 / Received: June 10, 2024 / Published: August 30, 2024

Introduction. Currently, various combinations of criteria for interpreting the results are used to make a conclusion about the mutagenic activity in the Ames test. In some cases where weak effects are present, especially when evaluating the mutagenicity of generic pesticides that may contain mutagenic impurities, different conclusions are possible, depending on the criteria chosen.

Material and methods. To standardize the criteria for interpreting the results in the Ames test, data obtained earlier in the assessment of the mutagenic activity of technical pesticide products were used. The studies were carried out in accordance with the OECD Standard Protocol No. 471 and State Standard (Russian: ГОСТ) 32376–2013 by direct application to the plate and under pre-incubation conditions.

Results. The applicability of three combinations of criteria for interpretation of Ames test results was evaluated using our own previously obtained experimental data. It was established that as criteria of biological significance of the results of mutagenicity evaluation in the Ames test it is reasonable to use not only the conservative approach based on the fold increase rule, but also to compare them with the data of the ranges of historical negative laboratory control.

Limitations. The study is limited to evaluating the results of experiments obtained using the standard plate test, but not the fluctuation format.

Conclusion. A conclusion about the presence of mutagenic activity of the test item in the Ames test can be made if the following criteria are fulfilled: the presence of a statistically significant increase in the number of revertants on the plates with the test item compared to the concomitant negative control; the presence of a concentration-effect relationship; the mean number of revertants for at least one of the concentrations tested, with or without metabolic activation, must exceed the upper limit of the distribution of the historical negative laboratory control; the number of revertants on the plates with the test item must be 2 or more times compared to that one in the negative control for TA97, TA98, TA100, TA102 and 3 or more for TA1535; the reproducible effects.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not need the approval of the biomedical ethics committee or other documents.

Author contribution:
Egorova O.V. — concept and design of the study, collecting and processing of material, writing the text;
Ilyushina N.A. — concept and design of the study, writing the text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Accepted: August 21, 2024 / Received: September 20, 2024 / Published: October 30, 2024