Umbilical cord blood stem cells: transplantation prospects in neurological practice

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Abstract

Umbilical cord blood has evolved from being considered a mere cellular/tissue waste product after childbirth to a valuable biological material with a wide regenerative potential. Today, hematopoietic cord blood stem cells are used in the same way as bone marrow and mobilised peripheral blood as part of the standard medical treatment for haemoblastoses and hereditary blood diseases. There is an increasing amount of experimental data showing possibility of umbilical cord blood cell fractions using for treatment of non-hematological diseases and, in particular, diseases of the central nervous system. One of the key challenges in cell therapy for central nervous system diseases is the choice of cellular material for neurotransplantation. This is particularly relevant for ischemic and traumatic injuries, as well as neurodegenerative diseases. Stem or mature somatic cells prepared for neurotransplantation should have predictable and reproducible characteristics thataccording therapeutic purposes, exactly: trophic and/or neuroprotective action to increase neurons viability in damaged area; axon growth stimulation and myelination; cell matrix restoration or predictable differentiation direction to replace amount of lost brain or spinal cord cells. The fact that umbilical cord blood contains not only hematopoietic, but also various non-hematopoietic stem cells with a wide regenerative potential has become the basis for active use of these cells for neurotransplantation. The proposed review provides historical information about umbilical cord blood introduction into practical medicine, its cellular composition and clinical applications of stem cells various types for children central nervous system diseases treatment, such as ischemic encephalopathy, stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral palsy, autism, and in adults — for stroke treatment, spinal cord injury and neurodegenerative diseases.

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About the authors

Ilnaz M. Gazizov

Kazan State Medical University

Email: ilnazaziz@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3396-8643
SPIN-code: 4219-6480

MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Head, Anatomy Department

Russian Federation, Kazan

Andrey A. Izmailov

Kazan State Medical University

Email: gostev.andrei@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8128-4636
SPIN-code: 9629-8511

MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Head, Cell and Molecular Medical Laboratory

Russian Federation, Kazan

Elmira A. Elagina

Limited liability company “Avicenna-Endocrinology”

Email: elaginabsk@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4598-1688
SPIN-code: 1440-4782

Tutor, Clinical Medical Psychologyst

Russian Federation, Kazan

Zufar Z. Safiullov

Kazan State Medical University

Author for correspondence.
Email: redblackwhite@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4577-3448
SPIN-code: 6987-9144

MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Tutor, Anatomy Department

Russian Federation, Kazan

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2. Fig. 1. Potential mechanisms of neuroprotective action of umbilical cord blood mononuclear fraction cells in brain diseases. The high migration potential of umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells allows them to penetrate into the nervous tissue both from the bloodstream and from the cerebrospinal fluid. In the field of neurodegeneration, angiogenesis due to endothelial progenitor cells of umbilical cord blood, enhancing the trophism of nervous tissue, maintaining homeostasis by newly formed microglial cells from umbilical cord blood monocytes, as well as the production of cytokines and neurotrophic factors by umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells are considered the main mechanisms of neuroprotective action of umbilical cord blood cells after intravenous or intrathecal infusion. МКПК — mononuclear cells of umbilical cord blood; ЭПК — endothelial progenitor cell of umbilical cord blood; Мон — monocyte of umbilical cord blood; H — neuron; A — astrocyte.

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