Psychopharmacology & biological narcology

Scientific and theoretical peer-reviewed journal

Editor-in-chief

  • Prof. Petr D. Shabanov, MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.)

Publisher

About

The purpose of the journal is to acquaint the professional audience, doctors, researchers of medical, biological and veterinary specialties, teachers of higher education with the latest developments in the field of physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology of the central nervous system, psychopharmacology, psychoneuroendocrinology, prevention and treatment of chemical and non-chemical addictions, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics new drugs, neurochemistry, immunopharmacology and immunochemistry. The journal is also intended to publish the main materials of dissertation research in the field of pharmacology and clinical pharmacology, human and animal physiology, biochemistry, pathological physiology, psychiatry and narcology.

Journal topics

  • physiology

  • biochemistry and pharmacology of the central nervous system

  • psychopharmacology

  • psychoneuroendocrinology

  • prevention and treatment of chemical and non-chemical addictions

  • pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of new drugs

  • neurochemistry

  • immunopharmacology and immunochemistry.

Specialties of HAC

  • 3.3.6. Pharmacology, clinical pharmacology (medical and biological sciences)
  • 1.5.5. Human and animal physiology (medical and biological sciences) 1.5.4. Biochemistry (medical and biological sciences)
  • 3.3.3. Pathological physiology (medical and biological sciences)
  • 3.1.17. Psychiatry and Narcology (medical sciences)

Sections

  • Scientific reviews
  • Original Research
  • Neuropsychopharmacology
  • Neuropsychoendocrinology
  • Biological narcology
  • From the history of science
  • Book reviews
  • Significant dates

Indexation

  • Russian Science Citation Index (elibrary.ru)
  • Google Scholar
  • WorldCat
  • Ulrich's Periodicals Directory
  • CyberLeninka
  • VINITI

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Current Issue

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Vol 14, No 4 (2023)

Cover Page

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Neuropsychopharmacology

Changes in monoamine metabolism in the brain during unilateral cortical spreading depression in BALB/c mice
Karpova I.V., Mikheev V.V., Bychkov E.R., Shabanov P.D.
Abstract

BACKGROUND: BALB/c mice can be adequate models for elucidating the actions of neurotropic drugs in conditions of abnormal interhemispheric interactions.

AIM: To examine the effect of unilateral cortical spreading depression on monoamine metabolism in BALB/c mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four adult male BALB/c mice were analyzed. Unilateral cortical spreading depression (functional inactivation of one of the cerebral hemisphere cortex) was induced by applying a 1 × 1 mm filter paper moistened with a 25% KCl solution. Fifteen minutes after exposure, the animals were decapitated. By using high-performance liquid chromatography with an electrochemical detector in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, olfactory tubercle, and striatum, the levels of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and their metabolites (dioxyphenylacetic [DOPAC], homovanilinic [HVA] and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acids) were measured.

RESULTS: Unilateral cortical spreading depression was accompanied by a decrease in NE levels in the hippocampus and an increase in the DA extracellular metabolism (HVA and/or HVA/DA) in the olfactory tubercle and striatum on the side of the inactivated cortex. In addition to the listed effects, only functional inactivation of the right hemisphere caused a bilateral decrease in the NE level in the cortex and a decrease in the NE level and the DOPAC/DA ratio in the left (contralateral) hippocampus. No regular changes were noted in the posture of animals after the unilateral inactivation of the cerebral cortex.

CONCLUSION:The results suggest that in BALB/c mice, the right hemisphere cortex plays a dominant role in regulating the activity of the noradrenergic system in the brain.

Psychopharmacology & biological narcology. 2023;14(4):221-228
pages 221-228 views
The developing brain in the formation of oxidant and antioxidant systems
Shabanov P.D., Zarubina I.V.
Abstract

BACKGROUND: The structures, tissues, and systems of the brain differentiate gradually. The values of biochemical constants vary depending on the timing of development, that is, the embryonic, early, and late postnatal periods. In this respect, the multicomponent oxidation and antioxidation systems that do not mature at the same time are of interest.

AIM: To examine the processes of lipid peroxidation based on the level of malonic dialdehyde and antioxidant protection (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and reduced glutathione) in the brain of rat embryos and offspring at different periods of pre- and postnatal development.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-nine pregnant female Wistar rats weighing 220–250 g were selected, from which 176 embryos and rat pups of different sexes and age were obtained, including embryos in the third trimester of pregnancy (13–17 days of gestation) and rat pups aged 1–14 weeks. The concentration of malonic dialdehyde (indicator of lipid peroxidation) was determined in the brain tissue, and the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and level of reduced glutathione was found as indicators of antioxidant defense systems.

RESULTS: The brains of the embryos were characterized by low levels of malonic dialdehyde, and its concentration sharply increased immediately after the birth of rat pups. A similar but a less pronounced pattern was also recorded for indicators of antioxidant protection (superoxide dismutase activity and level of reduced glutathione). The opposite reaction was observed in catalase, which demonstrated high activity in the brain in the prenatal period but significantly decreased after birth. With further postnatal development up to sexual maturity (14 weeks, or 3 months of age), no significant changes in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and concentration of reduced glutathione were noted; however, a twofold drop in the level of malonic dialdehyde in the brain was noted.

CONCLUSION:Already in the first months of life in rats, a quite stable status of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense systems of the brain tissue developed.

Psychopharmacology & biological narcology. 2023;14(4):229-236
pages 229-236 views

Neuropsychoendocrinology

Kisspeptin reduces sexual dysfunction in a rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder
Tissen I.Y., Lebedev A.А., Tsikunov S.G., Shabanov P.D.
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Sexual dysfunction is not a specific symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, it is a common clinical complaint. Rodents exposed to a traumatic event exhibit behavioral disturbances in tests designed to measure emotional behavior. In relation to sexual behavior, exposure to acute stress leads to a decrease in the frequency of ejaculation and an increase in latency to first intercourse, first intromission, and ejaculation. Kisspeptin is a neuropeptide that plays important roles in the functioning of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis and sexual behavior.

AIM: To examine the effects of a single traumatic event caused by a predator on sexual behavior and motivation in male rats and correct them using hormonal and nonhormonal regulators.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used 60 copulatory-naive male Wistar rats aged 90–100 days weighing 220–230 g, which were divided into six groups of 10 animals each. Animals of group 1 were intact; in the remaining groups, PTSD was modeled by exposure to a predator (tiger python). In the experimental groups, animals received buserelin, kisspeptin-10, and yohimbine. An unattainable reinforcement chamber was used to assess sexual motivation. The free locomotor activity of animals was evaluated in the “open-field” test. The elevated plus maze test was used to assess the effects of stress. Blood and brain samples were collected for testosterone and corticosterone enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS: Acute predator stress, as an animal model of PTSD, significantly reduces several components of sexual motivation in male rats and increases serum corticosterone levels. After chronic stress, both intranasal and systemic administrations of kisspeptin increase sexual motivation in male rats. Buserelin significantly affected testosterone secretion but had slightly affected sexual motivation. Systemic administration of kisspeptin partially restored testosterone production in a rat model of stress disorder. Yohimbine did not affect hormonal levels and had a disruptive effect on sexual motivation in rats. None of the hormonal and nonhormonal regulators used affected corticosterone levels.

CONCLUSION:The findings indicate that exposure to predator stress has a greater effect on sexual motivation and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis than on sex hormone production. This necessitates searching for new mechanisms underlying the regulation of reproductive behavior and the influence of stress factors on its implementation.

Psychopharmacology & biological narcology. 2023;14(4):237-244
pages 237-244 views

Experimental Neuropharmacology

Effect of experimental therapy on the gas and acid–base composition of the blood in the dynamics of toxic pulmonary edema
Torkunov P.A., Zemlyanoy A.V., Torkunova T.V., Shabanov P.D.
Abstract

BACKGROUND: This study is part of an extended research onfinding ways to prevent and treat toxic pulmonary edema. This study aimed to examine the gas transport function, acid–base state, and gas composition of blood in the dynamics of experimental toxic pulmonary edema and the effect on them of experimental therapy with a combination of drugs that have shown effectiveness in preliminary studies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Toxic edema of the lungs was modeled in mice by inhalation of toxic doses of phosgene LСt50. Gas and acid–base composition parameters of the blood were determined using a gas analyzer 3 and 24 h after poisoning. Thirty minutes after poisoning, parts of the animals were injected intraperitoneally with a complex of drugs consisting of natrii dimercaptopropansulfonas (unitiol) 150 mg/kg, diclofenac sodium 35. 0 mg/kg, and аprotinin (contrikal) 250 IU/kg.

RESULTS: The results revealed 3 h after poisoning of animals, changes in the gas composition and parameters of the gas transport function in the blood were detected, and 24 h after poisoning, impaired acid-base balance was noted. The use of a therapeutic combination of drugs consisting of sodium dimercaptopropanesulfonate (unithiol), sodium diclofenac, and aprotinin (kontrikal) led to the partial normalization of the altered parameters of the blood gas composition and parameters of the blood gas transport function but was not accompanied by the normalization of the acid-base state of the blood. The formulation demonstrated a pronounced negative effect on the blood gas composition in intact animals. The treatment of pulmonary edema with the comparison drug unithiol did not result in the normalization of the gas composition and acid-base state of the poisoned animals.

CONCLUSION:The treatment of toxic pulmonary edema with a combination of medications led to an improvement in the gas composition and gas transport function of the blood.

Psychopharmacology & biological narcology. 2023;14(4):245-250
pages 245-250 views

Review

Opioid, cannabinoid, cocaine, and methamphetamine epidemics: History, risk factors associated with them, and characteristics of drug action
Urakov A.L., Shabanov P.D.
Abstract

In the last century, mankind has made significant progress in the search and study of new pain-relieving drugs through the targeted synthesis of chemical analogs of natural opioids, cannabinoids, cocaine, and amphetamines. Experience with the medical use of new synthetic opioids, cannabinoids, and amphetamines has shown not only their high analgesic efficacy but also their high danger because of the risks of drug dependence and addiction, which have caused drug epidemics. The paper described the history of relevant drug epidemics, and the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the most dangerous drugs, as well as the risks associated with drug epidemics, were outlined. Specifically, the risk of drug dependence to opioids, cannabinoids, amphetamine, and cocaine was not recognized until too late. Therefore, the drug crisis was initially largely iatrogenic. In recent decades, controls on the prescription of narcotic drugs have tightened; thus, drug addiction as iatrogeny occurs less frequently. However, criminal elements of society have established clandestine production of drugs and their realization in the youth and LGBT community disguising as new, fashionable designer drugs and devices for their use. Moreover, new synthetic drugs differ from natural drugs in their stronger psychostimulant effects, ability to cause addiction after the first use, and high risk of fatal poisoning. Thus far, no drugs were the treatment of opioid, cannabinoid, amphetamine, and cocaine abuse. However, the development of specific vaccines for these drugs has begun in recent years. Active immunization of drug abusers with specially created vaccines is expected to assist doctors in treating drug abusers in the future.

Psychopharmacology & biological narcology. 2023;14(4):251-262
pages 251-262 views
Pathogenetic and pharmacodynamic features of the application of succinic acid derivatives for various diseases of the cardiovascular and nervous systems
Kim A.E., Shustov E.B., Ganapolsky V.P.
Abstract

The data presented in the article reveal the pathogenetic patterns of the formation of hypoxic and ischemic disorders in the formation of various pathological conditions and substantiate approaches to the use of drugs with antihypoxic activity. The role of the receptor interaction of succinic acid in the composition of succinate-containing antihypoxants with succinate receptors SUCNR1 has been demonstrated. An analysis of the pharmacodynamic properties of the combined preparation of succinic acid, which also contains vitamin precursors of the cofactors of Krebs cycle dehydrogenases nicotinamide (precursor of NAD) and riboflavin mononucleotide (precursor of FAD) and precursor of purine nucleotides (inosine) for intravenous drip and oral administration, was carried out. An analysis of literature data was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of the metabolic corrector of energy-dependent and hypoxic conditions Cytoflavin in various pathological processes in the central nervous system and cardiovascular diseases. It has been demonstrated that in case of ischemic disorders of cerebral and coronary blood flow, the effects of the drug are concentrated in the penumbra zone (ischemic penumbra), which is associated with the addition of intravenous administration of the drug to its metabolic activity by influencing endothelial cells and restoring microcirculation, enhancing the oxygen transport function of the blood. It has been shown that among the new areas of use of the drug, the use of cytoflavin in the complex therapy of traumatic brain injuries, traumatic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, various forms of toxic lesions of the central nervous system, multiple organ failure syndrome, and post-Covid syndrome is promising.

Psychopharmacology & biological narcology. 2023;14(4):
views

History

Department of Pharmacology of the Military Medical Academy in the 21st century: New achievements based on historical traditions (2000–2023)
Shabanov P.D.
Abstract

In the early 2000s at the Department of Pharmacology, active research was launched into the mechanisms of hypoxia, creation of antihypoxic drugs, study of means and technologies for increasing performance, and drugs with immunomodulatory and reparative effects. The mechanisms of hypoxia and life support in extreme conditions have been a traditional area of scientific research of the department. Starting back in the 1960s under the leadership of V. M. Vinogradov, this direction gained development and scientific recognition by the end of the 1990s. During this period, new antihypoxants of direct and indirect actions were created and thoroughly studied, namely, gutimin, bemithyl, amtizol, trimetazidine, and others. Nearly all employees of the department and numerous applicants for academic degrees from among both academic and nonacademic employees participated in the research. The use of approaches and concepts of molecular physiology and pharmacology achieved very interesting and promising results for implementation. An unconditional success in scientific research in this area has been the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of action of aminothiol-type antihypoxants, which consist in optimizing energy production and energy consumption in cells and the ability of compounds to reduce membrane damage caused by lipid peroxidation and clearly activate antioxidant systems. The second direction was the study of the molecular mechanisms of sustainable adaptation to various factors, which was started by Prof. A. V. Smirnov. Thus, long-term adaptation patterns were established in the body’s adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia, overheating, and heavy repeated loads. The contribution of individual organs to the development of these adaptive phenomena was quantitatively determined. In the experiment, effective schemes for emergency adaptation were developed using “pulse modes” of training influences against the use of pharmacological adaptogens. A significantly more pronounced adaptogenic activity has been established for drugs such as thiobenzimidazole (bemythyl) and trecrezan in comparison with known adaptogens, such as dibazole and eleutherococcus. Based on experimental data, similar schemes for pharmacologically enhanced and accelerated emergency adaptation have been developed and tested on healthy volunteers, particularly to sharp changes in climatic conditions (overheating, hypothermia, and hypoxia) and metabolic cocktails based on the antihypoxant bemityl (B-100, B-200, and B-300). These schemes and pharmacological interventions make it possible, in just a few days, to make the body noticeably adapt to the action of certain climatic factors. The third direction was the creation and study of new pharmacological agents for the correction of the effects of hypoxia, toxic pulmonary edema, and liver and immune system damage based on condensed indole systems and their product transformations. Consequently, indole derivatives (approximately 60 compounds have been synthesized and studied) are low toxic and have antihypoxic, antiedema, hepatoprotective, actoprotective and antiviral activities.

Psychopharmacology & biological narcology. 2023;14(4):263-284
pages 263-284 views

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