Hemoglobins in ischemic brain damage: from fetal hemoglobin to neuroglobin

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Abstract

Introduction. This review is devoted to the study of the structure, properties, evolution of hemoglobins, biochemical and clinical aspects of the use of neuroglobin (Ngb) and fetal hemoglobin (HbF) in health and in ischemic hypoxia of the brain.

Material and methods. To search for relevant literature, we used the eLibrary, MedLine and ScienceDirect databases from 2000 to 2023. The data on Ngb and HbF are analyzed, mainly concerning the issues of diagnostics and treatment of hypoxic lesions of the central nervous system.

Results. The review begins with the structural organization of penta- and hexacoordinated hemoglobins. The evolution of hemoglobin genotypes from bacterial hemoproteins, currently represented by the Ngb protein, to the evolutionarily youngest HbF of placental mammals is presented. The diversity of hemoglobins allows us to assume that the transport function of vertebrate hemoglobins appeared relatively recently during adaptation to the increasing concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere, and the most ancient functions of hemoglobins should be enzymatic (utilization of NO and oxygen) and sensory (in relation to oxygen). Ngb is found in brain tissue, retina, some endocrine glands of mammals and humans. Functions of Ngb: participation in NO metabolism, detoxification of active oxygen species (ROS), protection from apoptosis, signal transmission, participation in lipid metabolism. As for HbF, the physicochemical properties of this hemoglobin have been studied for quite a long time, and a broader clinical study of Ngb and HbF in various pathologies is associated with the problem of diagnostic test systems for these hemoproteins.

Conclusion. Ngb is a promising drug for protecting cells from hypoxia and neuronal death, and Ngb-based drugs can find application in a variety of medical fields. As for HbF, the development of ELISA for HbF in blood hemolysates opens up new prospects for diagnosing hypoxic and ischemic central nervous system lesions.

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About the authors

Alexander Vladimirovich Kokhanov

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Astrakhan State Medical University” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

Author for correspondence.
Email: kokhanov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4167-6299

Professor of the Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor

Russian Federation, Bakinskaya st., 121, Astrakhan, 414000

Rinata Albkalievna Bisalieva

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Astrakhan State Medical University” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

Email: rinabis@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0003-9814-5098

Associate Professor of the Department of Biological Chemistry and Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor

Russian Federation, Bakinskaya st., 121, Astrakhan, 414000

Laura Khalisovna Ebzeeva

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Astrakhan State Medical University” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

Email: lauraebzeeva@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0009-1432-7147

postgraduate student of the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery

Russian Federation, Bakinskaya st., 121, Astrakhan, 414000

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