Covid-19-associated acute kidney injury: consensus report of the 25TH ACUTE DISEASE quality initiative (ADQI) workgroup: translation of recommendations


Cite item

Full Text

Open Access Open Access
Restricted Access Access granted
Restricted Access Subscription or Fee Access

Abstract

The current consensus was published in December 2020 in nature reviews (Nephrology). it was developed by the adqi expert group, which included: mitra k. nadim, lui g. Forni, Ravindra l. mehta, Michael j. Connor Jr, Kathleen d. Liu, marlies ostermann, Thomas Rimmele, Alexander Zarbock, Samira bell, Azra bihorac, Vincenzo Cantaluppi, Eric hoste, Faeq Husain-Syed, Michael j. Germain, Stuart l. Goldstein, Shruti Gupta, Michael Joannidis, Kianoush Kashani, jay l. Koyner, Matthieu legrand, nuttha Lumlertgul, Sumit Mohan, neesh Pannu, Zhiyong peng, xose L. perez-Fernandez, peter Pickkers, John Prowle, Thiago reis, Nattachai Srisawat, Ashita Tolwani, Anitha vijayan, Gianluca villa, Li Yang, Claudio Ronco and John a. kellum. it provides clinical guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of covid-19-aki, based on current literature data. it also proposes directions for future clinical research to expand understanding of the mechanisms of kidney damage in novel coronavirus infection and improve the outcomes of covid-19 aki. This publication is an unchanged translation of the adqi guidelines for covid-19 associated acute kidney injury. The work carried out is intended to increase the availability of the expert document among a larger number of clinicians specializing in nephrology, internal medicine and intensive care and is of great practical importance in a pandemic.

Full Text

Restricted Access

About the authors

M. Z Gasanov

Rostov State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia

Email: mitkhat@mail.ru
MD, Cand. Med. Sci., Associate professor of Internal Medicine Department #1

M. M Batyushin

Rostov State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia

Email: batjushin-m@rambler.ru
MD, Doctor Med. Sci., Professor, professor of Internal Medicine Department #2

A. S Litvinov

Limited liability Company «Baltic Medical Company»

Email: dirge@yandex.ru
MD, Cand. Med. Sci., Chief

V. P Terentyev

Rostov State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia

Email: vpterentev@mail.ru
MD, Doctor Med. Sci., Professor, Chief of Internal Medicine Department #1

References

  1. Zhu N. et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N. Engl. J. Med. 382:727-733 (2020).
  2. Wang D. et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA 323, 1061-1069 (2020).
  3. Wang L. et al. Coronavirus disease 19 infection does not result in acute kidney injury: an analysis of 116 hospitalized patients from Wuhan, China. Am. J. Nephrol. 51, 343-348 (2020).
  4. Chen N. et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 395, 507-513, (2020).
  5. Cheng Y. et al. Kidney disease is associated with inhospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 97, 829-838, (2020).
  6. Guan W.J. et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N. Engl. J. Med. 382, 1708-1720 (2020).
  7. Wu J. et al. Clinical characteristics of imported cases of COVID-19 in Jiangsu province: a multicenter descriptive study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 71, 706-712 (2020).
  8. Pei G. et al. Renal involvement and early prognosis in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 31, 1157-1165 (2020).
  9. Chen T. et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ 368, m1091 (2020).
  10. Zhou F et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 395, 1054-1062 (2020).
  11. Yang, X. et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS- CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single- centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet. Respir. Med. 8, 475-481 (2020).
  12. Cao J. et al. Clinical features and short- term outcomes of 102 patients with corona virus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. Clin. Infect. Dis. https://doi. org/10.1093/cid/ciaa243 (2020).
  13. Arentz M. et al. Characteristics and outcomes of 21 critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Washington State. JAMA 323, 1612-1614 (2020).
  14. Richardson S. et al. Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York city area. JAMA 323, 2052-2059 (2020).
  15. Argenziano M.G. et al. Characterization and clinical course of 1000 patients with COVID-19 in New York: retrospective case series. BMJ https://doi. org/10.1101/2020.04.20.20072116 (2020).
  16. Hirsch J.S. et al. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 98, 209-218 (2020).
  17. Mohamed M.M. et al. Acute kidney injury associated with coronavirus disease 2019 in urban New Orleans. Kidney https://doi.org/10.34067/ KID.0002652020 (2020).
  18. Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre. ICNARC report on COVID-19 in critical care Case Mix Programme Database, www.icnarc.org (2020).
  19. Gupta S. et al. Factors associated with death in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in the US. JAMA Intern. Med. https://doi. org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3596 (2020).
  20. Murugan R. et al. Acute kidney injury in non- severe pneumonia is associated with an increased immune response and lower survival. Kidney Int. 77, 527-535 (2010).
  21. Kellum,J.A., Bellomo, R.&Ronco C. Acute dialysis quality initiative (ADQI): methodology. Int. J. Artif. Organs 31, 90-93 (2008).
  22. Atkins D. et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 328, 1490 (2004).
  23. Su H. et al. Renal histopathological analysis of 26 postmortem findings of patients with COVID-19 in China. Kidney Int. 98, 219-227(2020).
  24. Farkash E.A., Wilson A M. & Jentzen, J. M. Ultrastructural evidence for direct renal infection with SARS- CoV-2. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 31, 1683-1687 (2020).
  25. Peleg Y. et al. Acute kidney injury due to collapsing glomerulopathy following COVID-19 infection. Kidney Int. Rep. 5, 940-945 (2020).
  26. Larsen C.P., Bourne T.D., Wilson J.D., Saqqa O. Sharshir M.A. Collapsing glomerulopathy in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Kidney Int. Rep. 5, 935-939 (2020).
  27. Kissling S. et al. Collapsing glomerulopathy in a COVID-19 patient. Kidney Int. 98, 228-231 (2020).
  28. Genovese G. et al. Association of trypanolytic ApoL1 variants with kidney disease in African Americans. Science 329, 841-845 (2010).
  29. Rossi G.M. et al. Kidney biopsy findings in a critically ill COVID-19 patient with dialysis- dependent acute kidney injury: a case against “SARS- CoV-2 nephropathy”. Kidney Int. Rep. 5, 1100-1105 (2020).
  30. Schaller T. et al. Postmortem examination of patients with COVID-19. JAMA 323, 2518-2520 (2020).
  31. Santoriello D. et al. Postmortem kidney pathology findings in patients with COVID-19. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 31, 2158-2167(2020).
  32. Puelles V.G. et al. Multiorgan and renal tropism of SARS- CoV-2. N. Engl. J. Med. 383, 590-592 (2020).
  33. Braun F. et al. SARS-CoV-2 renal tropism associates with acute kidney injury. Lancet 396, 597-598 (2020).
  34. Ackermann M. et al. Pulmonary vascular endothelialitis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis in Covid-19. N. Engl. J. Med. 383, 120-128 (2020).
  35. Liu J. et al. Longitudinal characteristics of lymphocyte responses and cytokine profiles in the peripheral blood of SARS- CoV-2 infected patients. EBioMedicine 55, 102763 (2020).
  36. Delanghe J.R., Speeckaert M.M. & De Buyzere M.L. The host’s angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphism may explain epidemiological findings in COVID-19 infections. Clin. Chim. Acta 505, 192-193 (2020).
  37. Othman H. et al. Interaction of the spike protein RBD from SARS- CoV-2 with ACE2: similarity with SARSCoV, hot- spot analysis and effect of the receptor polymorphism. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 527, 702-708(2020).
  38. Chang J.H. et al. Donor’s APOL1 risk genotype and “Second Hits” associated with de novo collapsing glomerulopathy in deceased donor kidney transplant recipients: a report of 5 cases. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 73, 134-139 (2019).
  39. Velez J.C.Q., Caza T.&Larse, C.P. COVAN is the new HIVAN: the reemergence of collapsing glomerulopathy with COVID-19. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 16, 565-567(2020).
  40. Goldstein S.L. et al. A prospective multi- center quality improvement initiative (NINJA) indicates a reduction in nephrotoxic acute kidney injury in hospitalized children. Kidney Int. 97, 580-588 (2020).
  41. Noris M., Benigni A.& Remuzzi G. The case of complement activation in COVID-19 multiorgan impact. Kidney Int. 98, 314-322 (2020).
  42. Tisoncik J.R et al. Into the eye of the cytokine storm. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 76, 16-32 (2012).
  43. Chien J.Y., Hsueh P.R., Cheng W.C., Yu C.J.&Yang P.C. Temporal changes in cytokine/chemokine profiles and pulmonary involvement in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Respirology 11, 715-722 (2006).
  44. Chu K.H. et al. Acute renal impairment in coronavirus- associated severe acute respiratory syndrome. Kidney Int. 67, 698-705 (2005).
  45. Min C.K. et al. Comparative and kinetic analysis of viral shedding and immunological responses in MERS patients representing a broad spectrum of disease severity. Sci. Rep. 6, 25359 (2016).
  46. Teachey D.T. et al. Identification of predictive biomarkers for cytokine release syndrome after chimeric antigen receptor T- cell therapyfor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Discov. 6, 664-679 (2016).
  47. Spittler A. et al. Relationship between interleukin-6 plasma concentration in patients with sepsis, monocyte phenotype, monocyte phagocytic properties, and cytokine production. Clin. Infect. Dis. 31, 1338-1342 (2000).
  48. Welch H.K., Kellum J.A.&Kane-Gill S.L. Drug-associated acute kidney injury identified in the United States food and drug administration adverse event reporting system database. Pharmacotherapy 38, 785-793 (2018).
  49. Ostermann M. et al. Drug management in acute kidney disease report of the acute disease quality initiative XVI meeting. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 84, 396-403 (2018).
  50. Cuadrado-Payan E. et al. SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus co- infection. Lancet 395, e84 (2020).
  51. Koyner J.L.&Murray P.T. Mechanical ventilation and lung- kidney interactions. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 3, 562-570 (2008).
  52. Dudoignon E. et al. Activation of the renin- angiotensinaldosterone system is associated with acute kidney injury in COVID-19. Anaesth. Crit. Care Pain Med. 39, 453-455 (2020).
  53. Li T. et al. Prevalence of malnutrition and analysis of related factors in elderly patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 74, 871-875 (2020).
  54. Joannidis M. et al. Lung- kidney interactions in critically ill patients: consensus report of the acute disease quality initiative (ADQI) 21 workgroup. Intensive Care Med. 46, 654-672 (2020).
  55. Armutcu F. Organ crosstalk: the potent roles of inflammation and fibrotic changes in the course of organ interactions. Inflamm. Res. 68, 825-839 (2019).
  56. Jin M., Tong Q. Rhabdomyolysis as potential late complication associated with COVID-19. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 26, 1618-1620 (2020).
  57. Sargiacomo C., Sotgia F.&Lisanti M.P. COVID-19 and chronological aging: senolytics and other anti-aging drugs for the treatment or prevention of corona virus infection?Aging 12, 6511-6517(2020).
  58. Spagnolo P. et al. Pulmonary fibrosis secondary to COVID-19: a call to arms? Lancet Respir. Med. 8, 750-752 (2020).
  59. Kashani K. et al. Quality improvement goals for acute kidney injury. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 14, 941-953 (2019).
  60. Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre. https://www.icnarc.org (2020).
  61. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. 2 (Suppl. 1), 1-138 (2012).
  62. Al- Jaghbeer M., Dealmeida D., Bilderback A., Ambrosino R.&Kellum J.A. Clinical decision support for in-hospital AKI. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 29, 654-660 (2018).
  63. Hernandez-Arroyo C.F., Varghese V., MohamedM.M.B.&Velez J.C.Q. Urinary sediment microscopy in acute kidney injury associated with COVID019. Kidney360 1, 819-823 (2020).
  64. Husain Syed F. et al. Acute kidney injury and urinary biomarkers in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease-2019. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 35, 1271-1274 (2020).
  65. Huang C. et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 395, 497-506 (2020).
  66. Wu C. et al. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern. Med. 180, 934-943 (2020).
  67. Argenziano M.G. et al. Characterization and clinical course of 1000 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York: retrospective case series. BMJ 369, m1996 (2020).
  68. Cummings M.J. et al. Epidemiology, clinical course, and outcomes of critically ill adults with COVID-19 in New York city: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 395, 1763-1770 (2020).
  69. Chen Tao et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ 368, m1295 (2020).
  70. Nasr S.H.&Kopp J.B. COVID-19-associated collapsing glomerulopathy: an emerging entity. Kidney Int. Rep. 5, 759-761 (2020).
  71. Rhodes A. et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: 2016. Crit. Care Med. 45, 486-552 (2017).
  72. Ostermann M., Liu K.&Kashani K. Fluid management in acute kidney injury. Chest 156, 594-603 (2019).
  73. Douglas I.S. et al. Fluid response evaluation in sepsis hypotension and shock: a randomized clinical trial. Chest https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.04.025 (2020).
  74. Brown, R. M. et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in sepsis. a secondary analysis of the SMART clinical trial. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 200, 1487-1495 (2019).
  75. Malbrain M. et al. Intravenous fluid therapy in the perioperative and critical care setting: executive summary of the International Fluid Academy (IFA). Ann. Intensive Care 10, 64 (2020).
  76. Self W.H. et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in noncritically ill adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 378, 819-828 (2018).
  77. Verma B. et al. A multicentre randomised controlled pilot study of fluid resuscitation with saline or Plasma-Lyte 148 in critically ill patients. Crit. Care Resusc. 18, 205-212 (2016).
  78. Semler, M. W. et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 378, 829-839 (2018).
  79. Antequera Martin A.M. et al. Buffered solutions versus 0.9% saline for resuscitation in critically ill adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 7, Cd012247 (2019)
  80. Zayed Y.Z.M. et al. Balanced crystalloids versus isotonic saline in critically ill patients: systematic review and meta- analysis. J. Intensive Care 6, 51 (2018).
  81. Zwager, C. L. et al. Why physiology will continue to guide the choice between balanced crystalloids and normal saline: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Crit. Care 23, 366 (2019).
  82. Goldstein S.L. et al. Electronic health record identification of nephrotoxin exposure and associated acute kidney injury. Pediatrics 132, e756-e767 (2013).
  83. Goldstein S.L. et al. A sustained quality improvement program reduces nephrotoxic medication- associated acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. 90, 212-221 (2016).
  84. Beigel J.H. et al. Remdesivirfor the treatment of Covid-19 - preliminary report. N. Engl. J. Med. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2007764 (2020).
  85. Dambha-Miller H. et al. Drug treatments affecting ACE2 in COVID-19 infection: a systematic review protocol. BJGP Open 4, bjgpopen20X101115 10.3399/bjgpopen20X101115 (2020).
  86. Fosbol E.L. et al. Association of angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker use with COVID-19 diagnosis and mortality. JAMA 324, 168-177(2020).
  87. Magrone T., Magrone M.&Jirillo E. Focus on receptors for coronaviruses with special reference to angiotensin- converting enzyme 2 as a potential drug target - a perspective. Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets 20, 807-811 (2020).
  88. Sanders J.M., Monogue M.L., Jodlowski T.Z.&Cutrell J.B. Pharmacologic treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review. JAMA 323, 1824-1836 (2020).
  89. Gattinoni L. et al. COVID-19 pneumonia: different respiratory treatments for different phenotypes? Intensive Care Med. 46, 1099-1102 (2020).
  90. Hering R. et al. The effects of prone positioning on intraabdominal pressure and cardiovascular and renal function in patients with acute lung injury. Anesth. Analg. 92, 1226-1231 (2001).
  91. Group R.C. et al. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19 -preliminary report. N. Engl. J. Med. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2021436 (2020).
  92. Arki, N., Krishnan K., Chang M.G.&Bittner E.A. Nutrition in critically ill patients with COVID-19: challenges and special considerations. Clin. Nutr. 39, 2327-2328 (2020).
  93. Singer P. et al. ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit. Clin. Nutr. 38, 48-79(2019).
  94. Martindale R. et al. Nutrition therapy in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1002/ jpen.1930 (2020).
  95. Barazzoni R. et al. ESPEN expert statements and practical guidance for nutritional management of individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin. Nutr. 39, 1631-1638 (2020).
  96. Ostermann M., Macedo E.&Oudemans-van Straaten, H. How to feed a patient with acute kidney injury. Intensive Care Med. 45, 1006-1008 (2019).
  97. Barbar S.D. et al. Timing of renal-replacement therapy in patients with acute kidney injury and sepsis. N. Engl. J. Med. 379, 1431-1442 (2018).
  98. Gaudry S. et al. Delayed versus early initiation of renal replacement therapy for severe acute kidney injury: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Lancet 395, 1506-1515 (2020).
  99. Gaudry S. et al. Initiation strategies for renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit. N. Engl. J. Med. 375, 122-133 (2016).
  100. Zarbock A. et al. Effect of early vs delayed initiation of renal replacement therapy on mortality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: the ELAIN randomized clinical trial. JAMA 315, 2190-2199 (2016).
  101. Ostermann M. et al. Patient selection and timing of continuous renal replacement therapy. Blood Purif. 42, 224-237(2016).
  102. Palevsky P.M. et al. Intensity of renal support in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. N. Engl. J. Med. 359, 7-20 (2008).
  103. Bellomo R. et al. Intensity of continuous renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 361, 1627-1638 (2009).
  104. Vesconi S. et al. Delivered dose of renal replacement therapy and mortality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Crit. Care 13, R57 (2009).
  105. Claure-Del Granado R. et al. Effluent volume in continuous renal replacement therapy overestimates the delivered dose of dialysis. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 6, 467-475 (2011).
  106. Joannidis M.&Oudemans-van Straaten H.M. Clinical review: patency of the circuit in continuous renal replacement therapy. Crit. Care 11, 218 (2007).
  107. Adapa S. et al. COVID-19 and renal failure: challenges in the delivery of renal replacement therapy. J. Clin. Med. Res. 12, 276-285 (2020).
  108. El Shamy O., Sharma S., Winston J.&Uribarri J. Peritoneal dialysis during the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: acute inpatient and maintenance outpatient experiences. Kidney Med. 2, 377-380 (2020).
  109. Li, L., Zhang L., Liu G.J.&Fu, P. Peritoneal dialysis for acute kidney injury. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 12, CD011457 (2017).
  110. Srivatana V. et al. Peritoneal dialysis for acute kidney injury treatment in the United States: brought to you by the COVID-19 pandemic. Kidney360 1, 410-415 (2020).
  111. Parienti J J. et al. Femoral vs jugular venous catheterization and risk of nosocomial events in adults requiring acute renal replacement therapy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 299, 2413-2422 (2008).
  112. Marik P.E., Flemmer M.&Harrison W. The risk of catheter-related bloodstream infection with femoral venous catheters as compared to subclavian and internal jugular venous catheters: a systematic review of the literature and metaanalysis. Crit. Care Med. 40, 2479-2485 (2012).
  113. Oliver M.J., Edwards L.J., Treleaven D.J., Lambert K.&Margetts P.J. Randomized study of temporary hemodialysis catheters. Int. J. Artif. Organs 25, 40-44 (2002).
  114. Nahum J. et al. Venous thrombosis among critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19). JAMA Netw. Open 3, e2010478(2020).
  115. Iba T. et al. The unique characteristics of COVID-19 coagulopathy. Crit. Care 24, 360 (2020).
  116. Iba T., Levy J H., Levi M., Connors J.M.&Thachil J. Coagulopathy of coronavirus disease 2019. Crit. Care Med. 48, 1358-1364 (2020).
  117. Helms J. et al. High risk of thrombosis in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Med. 46, 1089-1098 (2020).
  118. Chua H.R. et al. Ensuring sustainability of continuous kidney replacement therapy in the face of extraordinary demand: lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 76, 392-400 (2020).
  119. Lempert K D.& Kopp J.B. Renal failure patients in disasters. Disaster Med. Public Health Prep. 13, 782-790 (2019).
  120. Durvasula R., Wellington T., McNamara E.&Watnick S. COVID-19 and kidney failure in the acute care setting: our experience from Seattle. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 76, 4-6 (2020).
  121. Nagatomo M. et al. Peritoneal dialysis for COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury. Crit. Care 24, 309 (2020).
  122. Alfano G. et al. Peritoneal dialysis in the time of coronavirus disease 2019. Clin. Kidney J. 13, 265-268 (2020).
  123. Ponce D., Balbi A.L., Durand J.B., Moretta G.&Divino-Filho J.C. Acute peritoneal dialysis in the treatment of COVID-19-related acute kidney injury. Clin. Kidney J. 13, 269-273 (2020).
  124. Sourial M. Y. et al. Urgent peritoneal dialysis in patients with COVID-19 and acute kidney injury: a single-center experience in a time of crisis in the United States. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 76, 401-406 (2020).
  125. Griffin K.M., Karas M.G., Ivascu N.S.&Lief L. Hospital preparedness for COVID-19: a practical guide from a critical care perspective. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 201, 1337-1344 (2020).
  126. Jaber S. et al. Sodium bicarbonate therapy for patients with severe metabolic acidaemia in the intensive care unit (BICAR - ICU): a multicentre, openlabel, randomised controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 392, 31-40 (2018).
  127. Peacock W.F. et al. Emergency potassium normalization treatment including sodium zirconium cyclosilicate: a phase II, randomized, double- blind, placebo- controlled study (ENERGIZE). Acad. Emerg. Med. 27, 475-486 (2020).
  128. Burgner A., Ikizler T.A.&Dwyer J.P. COVID-19 and the inpatient dialysis unit: managing resources during contingency planning pre-crisis. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 15, 720-722 (2020).
  129. Ronco C. & Reis T. Kidney involvement in COVID-19 and rationale for extracorporeal therapies. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 16, 308-310 (2020).
  130. Ronco C., Reis T.&Husain-Syed F. Management of acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19. Lancet Respir. Med. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30229-0 (2020).
  131. Ruan Q., Yang K., Wang W., Jiang L.&Song J. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med. 46, 846-848 (2020).
  132. Zhou Z. et al. Heightened innate immune responses in the respiratory tract of COVID-19 patients. Cell Host Microbe 27, 883-890 e882 (2020).
  133. Varga Z. et al. Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet 395, 1417-1418 (2020).
  134. Joly B.S., Siguret V&Veyradier A. Understanding pathophysiology of hemostasis disorders in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Intensive Care Med. 46, 1603-1606 (2020).
  135. Honore P.M. et al. Cytokine removal in human septic shock: where are we and where are we going? Ann. Intensive Care 9, 56 (2019).
  136. Dellinger R.P. et al. Effect of targeted polymyxin B hemoperfusion on 28-day mortality in patients with septic shock and elevated endotoxin level: the EUPHRATES randomized clinical trial. JAMA 320, 1455-1463 (2018).
  137. Koch B. et al. Lectin affinity plasmapheresis for middle east respiratory syndrome- coronavirus and Marburg virus glycoprotein elimination. Blood Purif. 46, 126-133 (2018).
  138. Ankawi G. et al. Extracorporeal techniques for the treatment of critically ill patients with sepsis beyond conventional blood purification therapy: the promises and the pitfalls. Crit. Care 22, 262 (2018).
  139. Gruda M.C. et al. Broad adsorption of sepsis- related PAMP and DAMP molecules, mycotoxins, and cytokines from whole blood using CytoSorb(R) sorbent porous polymer beads. PLoS One 13, e0191676 (2018).
  140. Klein D.J. et al. Polymyxin B hemoperfusion in endotoxemic septic shock patients without extreme endotoxemia: a post hoc analysis of the EUPHRATES trial. Intensive Care Med. 44, 2205-2212 (2018).
  141. Cruz D.N. et al. Early use of polymyxin B hemoperfusion in abdominal septic shock: the EUPHAS randomized controlled trial. JAMA 301, 2445-2452 (2009).
  142. Knaup H. et al. Early therapeutic plasma exchange in septic shock: a prospective open-label nonrandomized pilot study focusing on safety, hemodynamics, vascular barrier function, and biologic markers. Crit. Care 22, 285 (2018).
  143. Busund R., Koukline V., Utrobin U.&Nedashkovsky E. Plasmapheresis in severe sepsis and septic shock: a prospective, randomised, controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 28, 1434-1439 (2002).
  144. Keith P. et al. A novel treatment approach to the novel coronavirus: an argument for the use of therapeutic plasma exchange for fulminant COVID-19. Crit. Care 24, 128 (2020).
  145. Villa G. et al. Organ dysfunction during continuous veno-venous high cutoff hemodialysis in patients with septic acute kidney injury: a prospective observational study. PLoS One 12, e0172039 (2017).
  146. Broman M.E., Hansson F., Vincent J.L.& Bodelsson M. Endotoxin and cytokine reducing properties of the oXiris membrane in patients with septic shock: a randomized crossover double- blind study. PLoS One 14, e0220444 (2019).
  147. Kacar C.K., Uzundere O., Kandemir D.&Yektas A. Efficacy of HA330 hemoperfusion adsorbent in patients followed in the intensive care unit for septic shock and acute kidney injury and treated with continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration as renal replacement therapy. Blood Purif. 49, 448-456 (2020).
  148. US National Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials.gov https://www.clinicaltrials. gov/ct2/show/NCT04361526 (2020).
  149. US National Library of Medicine. US National Library of Medicine https:// www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04324528. (2020).

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies