ISPD peritonitis guideline recommendations: 2022 update on prevention and treatment

Cover Page

Cite item

Full Text

Open Access Open Access
Restricted Access Access granted
Restricted Access Subscription or Fee Access

Abstract

Перитонит является серьезным осложнением перитонеального диализа (ПД), и его профилактика и лечение имеют большое значение в снижении заболеваемости и смертности пациентов. в обновленных рекомендациях ISPD 2022 года пересмотрены и уточнены определения следующих понятий: рефрактерный перитонит, рецидивирующий перитонит, удаление катетера, связанное с перитонитом, перевод на гемодиализ, связанный с перитонитом, смерть, обусловленная перитонитом, и госпитализация, связанная с перитонитом. Определены новые категории перитонита и исходы, включая пре-перитонит, кишечный перитонит, катетер-ассоциированный перитонит и излеченный перитонит. Новые целевые показатели, рекомендованные для общей частоты заболеваемости перитонитом, должны составлять не более 0,40 эпизода в год с учетом риска, а процент пациентов, не заболевших перитонитом в единицу времени, должен составлять >80% в год. Также включены пересмотренные рекомендации по управлению контаминацией систем для ПД, антибиотикопрофилактике для инвазивных процедур, обучению и оценке ПД. Выделены новые рекомендации по управлению модифицируемыми факторами риска перитонита, такими как домашние животные, гипокалиемия и блокаторы Н2-гистаминовых рецепторов. Обновлены рекомендации по эмпирическому выбору антибиотиков и дозировке антибиотиков, по выбору стратегии лечения перитонита, вызванного специфическими микроорганизмами, также даны новые рекомендации по дополнительной пероральной терапии N-ацетилцистеином для смягчения ототоксичности аминогликозидов. Предложены новые направления для будущих исследований в области профилактики и лечения перитонита, связанного с ПД.

Keywords

Full Text

Restricted Access

References

  1. Davenport A. Peritonitis remains the major clinical complication of peritoneal dialysis: the London, UK, peritonitis audit 2002-2003. Perit Dial Int 2009; 29(3):297-302.
  2. Brown M.C., Simpson K, Kerssens J.J., et al. Peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis rates and outcomes in a national cohort are not improving in the post-millennium (2000-2007). Perit Dial Int 2011;31(6):639-650.
  3. Manera K.E., Johnson D.W., Craig J.C., et al. Establishing a core outcome set for peritoneal dialysis: report of the SONG-PD (Standardized Outcomes In Nephrology-Peritoneal Dialysis) consensus workshop. Am J Kidney Dis 2020; 75(3):404-412.
  4. Ghali J.R., Bannister K.M., Brown F.G., et al. Microbiology and outcomes of peritonitis in Australian peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 2011;31(6):651-662.
  5. Boudville N., Kemp A., Clayton P., et al. Recent peritonitis associates with mortality among patients treated with peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012;23(8):1398-1405.
  6. Cho Y., Badve S.V., Hawley C.M., et al. Peritoneal dialysis outcomes after temporary haemodialysis transfer for peritonitis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29(10):1940-1947.
  7. Hsieh Y.P., Chang C.C., Wen Y.K., et al. Predictors of peritonitis and the impact of peritonitis on clinical outcomes of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients in Taiwan-10 years’ experience in a single center. Perit Dial Int 2014;34(1):85-94.
  8. Keane W.F., Everett E.D., Golper T.A., et al. Peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis treatment recommendations. 1993 update. The ad hoc advisory committee on peritonitis management.International society for peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 1993; 13(1):14-28.
  9. Keane W.F., Alexander S.R., Bailie G.R., et al. Peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis treatment recommendations: 1996 update. Perit Dial Int 1996; 16(6): 557-573.
  10. Keane W.F., Bailie G.R., Boeschoten E., et al. Adult peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis treatment recommendations: 2000 update. Perit Dial Int 2000; 20(4): 396-411.
  11. Piraino B., Bailie G.R., Bernardini J., et al. Peritoneal dialysis-related infections recommendations: 2005 update. Perit Dial Int 2005; 25(2):107-131.
  12. Li P.K., Szeto C.C., Piraino B., et al. Peritoneal dialysis-related infections recommendations: 2010 update. Perit Dial Int 2010;30(4):393-423.
  13. Li P.K., Szeto C.C., Piraino B., et al. ISPD peritonitis recommendations: 2016 update on prevention and treatment. Perit Dial Int 2016;36(5):481-508.
  14. Atkins D, Best D, Briss P.A., et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2004;328(7454):1490.
  15. Warady B.A., Bakkaloglu S., Newland J., et al. Consensus guidelines for the prevention and treatment of catheter-related infections and peritonitis in pediatric patients receiving peritoneal dialysis: 2012 update. Perit Dial Int. 2012; 2(Suppl 2):S32-S86.
  16. Sahlawi M.A., Wilson G., Stallard B., et al. Peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis outcomes reported in trials and observational studies: a systematic review. Perit Dial Int 2020;40(2):132-140.
  17. Szeto C.C., Li P.K., Johnson D.W., et al. ISPD catheter-related infection recommendations: 2017 Update. Perit Dial Int 2017;37(2):141-154.
  18. Lloyd A., Tangri N, Shafer L.A., et al. The risk of peritonitis after an exit site infection: a time-matched, case-control study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013;28(7):1915-1921.
  19. van Diepen AT, Tomlinson GA, Jassal SV. The association between exit site infection and subsequent peritonitis among peritoneal dialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012;7(8):1266-1271.
  20. Gupta B., Bernardini J., Piraino B. Peritonitis associated with exit site and tunnel infections. Am J Kidney Dis 1996;28(3):415-419.
  21. Kern E.O., Newman L.N., Cacho C.P., et al. Abdominal catastrophe revisited: the risk and outcome of enteric peritoneal contamination. Perit Dial Int 2002;22(3):323-334.
  22. Shrestha BM, Brown P, Wilkie M. Surgical peritonitis in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 2008;28(4):331-334.
  23. Barraclough K., Hawley C.M., McDonald S.P., et al. Polymicrobial peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients in Australia: predictors, treatment, and outcomes. Am J Kidney Dis 2010;55(1):121-131.
  24. de Freitas D.G., Gokal R. Sterile peritonitis in the peritoneal dialysis patient. Perit Dial Int 2005;25(2):146-151.
  25. Ma T.K., Chow K.M., Kwan B.C., et al. Peritonitis before peritoneal dialysis training: analysis of causative organisms, clinical outcomes, risk factors, and long-term consequences. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2016;11(7):1219-1226.
  26. Balzer M.S., Claus R., Haller H., et al. Are ISPD guidelines on peritonitis diagnosis too narrow? A 15-year retrospective single-center cohort study on PD-associated peritonitis accounting for untrained patients. Perit Dial Int 2019;39(3):220-228.
  27. Crabtree J.H., Shrestha B.M., Chow K.M., et al. Creating and maintaining optimal peritoneal dialysis access in the adult patient: 2019 update. Perit Dial Int 2019;39(5):414-436.
  28. Nataatmadja M., Cho Y., Johnson D.W. Continuous quality improvement initiatives to sustainably reduce peritoneal dialysis-related infections in Australia and New Zealand. Perit Dial Int. 2016;36(5):472-477.
  29. Marshall M.W.G., Verger C. Peritoneal dialysis associated peritonitis rate - validation of a simplified formula. Bull Dial Domic 2012;4(4):245-257.
  30. Kopriva-Altfahrt G., Konig P., Mundle M., et al. Exit-site care in Austrian peritoneal dialysis centers - a nationwide survey. Perit Dial Int 2009;29(3):330-339.
  31. Perl J., Fuller D.S., Bieber B.A., et al. Peritoneal dialysis-related infection rates and outcomes: results from the peritoneal dialysis outcomes and practice patterns study (PDOPPS). Am J Kidney Dis 2020;76(1):42-53.
  32. Fang W., Qian J., Lin A., et al.Comparison of peritoneal dialysis practice patterns and outcomes between a Canadian and a Chinese centre. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23(12):4021-4028.
  33. Ye H., Zhou Q., Fan L., et al. The impact ofperitoneal dialysis-related peritonitis on mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients. BMC Nephrol 2017;18(1):186.
  34. Tian Y., Xie X., Xiang S., et al. Risk factors and outcomes of high peritonitis rate in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients: a retrospective study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016;95(49):e5569.
  35. Marshall M.R. A systematic review of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis rates over time from national or regional population-based registries and databases. Perit Dial Int 2022;42(1):39-47.
  36. Brown F., Liu W.J., Kotsanas D., et al. A quarter of a century of adult peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis at an Australian medical center. Perit Dial Int. 2007;27(5):565-574.
  37. Szeto C.C., Wong T.Y., Chow K.M. et al. The clinical course of culture-negative peritonitis complicating peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;42(3): 567-574.
  38. Fahim M., Hawley C.M., McDonald S.P., et al. Culture-negative peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients in Australia: predictors, treatment, and outcomes in 435 cases. Am J Kidney Dis 2010;55(4):690-697.
  39. Sewell D.L., Golper T.A., Hulman P.B., et al.Comparison of large volume culture to other methods for isolation of microorganisms from dialysate. Perit Dial Int 1990;10(1):49-52.
  40. Wikdahl A.M., Engman U., Stegmayr B.G., et al. One-dose cefuroxime i.v. and i.p. reduces microbial growth in PD patients after catheter insertion. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1997;12(1):157-160.
  41. Lye W.C., Lee E.J., Tan C.C. Prophylactic antibiotics in the insertion of tenckhoff catheters. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1992;26(2):177-180.
  42. Gadallah M.F., Ramdeen G., Mignone J., et al. Role of preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in preventing postoperative peritonitis in newly placed peritoneal dialysis catheters. Am J Kidney Dis 2000;36(5):1014-1019.
  43. Campbell D., Mudge D.W., Craig J.C., et al. Antimicrobial agents for preventing peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; :CD004679.
  44. Boudville N., Johnson D.W., Zhao J., et al. Regional variation in the treatment and prevention of peritoneal dialysis-related infections in the peritoneal dialysis outcomes and practice patterns study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2019;34(12):2118-2126.
  45. Lin J., Ye H., Li J., et al. Prevalence and risk factors of exit-site infection in incident peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 2020;40(2):164-170.
  46. Yap D.Y., Chu W.L., Ng F., et al. Risk factors and outcome of contamination in patients on peritoneal dialysis - a single-center experience of 15 years. Perit Dial Int 2012;32(6):612-616.
  47. Bender F.H., Bernardini J., Piraino B. Prevention of infectious complications in peritoneal dialysis: best demonstrated practices. Kidney Int Suppl 2006;70: S44-S54.
  48. Jaroenpattrawut B., Poonvivatchaikarn U., Kanjanabuch T., et al. Phytopathogen transmitted from plant to human causing peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis. Perit Dial Int. Epub ahead of print 3 September 2021. 10.1177/08968608211048063.
  49. Sankar A., Swanson K.M., Zhou J., et al. Association of fluoroquinolone prescribing rates with black box warnings from the US food and drug administration. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4(12):e2136662.
  50. Yip T., Tse K.C., Lam M.F., et al. Risks and outcomes of peritonitis afterflexible colonoscopy in CAPD patients. Perit Dial Int 2007;27(5):560-564.
  51. Machuca E., Ortiz A.M., Rabagliati R. Streptococcus viridans-associated peritonitis after gastroscopy. Adv Perit Dial 2005;21:60-62.
  52. Poortvliet W., Selten H.P., Raasveld M.H., et al. CAPD peritonitis after colonoscopy: follow the guidelines.Neth J Med 2010;68(9):377-378.
  53. Holley J.L., Udekwu A., Rault R., et al. The risks oflaparoscopic cholecystectomy in CAPD compared with hemodialysis patients: a study often patients. Perit Dial Int 1994;14(4):395-396.
  54. Ekici Y., Karakayali F., Yagmurdur M.C., et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: a case-control study. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2009;19(2):101-105.
  55. Gweon T.G., Jung S.H., Kim S.W., et al. Risk factors for peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis who undergo colonoscopy: a retrospective multicentre study. BMC Gastroenterol 2019;19(1):175.
  56. Al-Hwiesh A.K., Abdul-Rahman I.S., Hussameldeen M.A., et al. Colonoscopy in automated peritoneal dialysis patients: value of prophylactic antibiotics: a prospective study on a single antibiotic.Int J Artif Organs 2017;40(10): 550-557.
  57. Fan P.Y., Chan M.J., Lin S.H., et al. Prophylactic antibiotic reduces the risk of peritonitis after invasive gynecologic procedures. Perit Dial Int 2019;39(4):356-361.
  58. Wu H.H., Li I.J., Weng C.H., et al. Prophylactic antibiotics for endoscopy-associated peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. PLoS One 2013;8(8):e71532.
  59. Chan G.C., Wong S.H., Ng J.K., et al. Risk of peritonitis after gastroscopy in peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int. Epub ahead of print 25 May 2021. 10.1177/08968608211018608.
  60. Kim J.S., Jung E., Kang S.H., et al. Safety of endoscopy in peritoneal dialysis patients. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2021;12(7):e00379.
  61. Suzuki Y., Mizuno M., Kojima H., et al. Oral antibiotics are effective for preventing colonoscopy-associated peritonitis as a preemptive therapy in patients on peritoneal dialysis.Intern Med 2021;60(3):353-356.
  62. Takkavatakarn K., Aniwan S., Kamjohnjiraphunt N., et al. Whether antibiotic prophylaxis is necessary in peritoneal dialysis patients undergoing elective colonoscopy with postprocedural peritoneal lavage. Kidney Int Rep 2020;5(10):1783-1787.
  63. Chaudhry R.I., Chopra T., Fissell R., et al. Strategies to prevent peritonitis after procedures: our opinions. Perit Dial Int 2019;39(4):315-319.
  64. Alobaidi H.M., Coles G.A., Davies M., et al. Host defence in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: the effect of the dialysate on phagocyte function. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1986;1(1):16-21.
  65. Duwe A.K., Vas S.I., Weatherhead J.W. Effects of the composition ofperitoneal dialysis fluid on chemiluminescence, phagocytosis, and bactericidal activity in vitro. Infect Immun. 1981;33(1):130-135.
  66. Gould A.L., Chahla E., Hachem C. Peritonitis following endoscopy in a patient on peritoneal dialysis with a discussion of current recommendations on antibiotic prophylaxis. Case Rep Gastroenterol 2015;9(3):302-306.
  67. Nadeau-Fredette A.C., Bargman J.M. Gastroscopy-related peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 2014;34(6):667-670.
  68. Figueiredo A.E., Bernardini J., Bowes E., et al. A syllabus for teaching peritoneal dialysis to patients and caregivers. Perit Dial Int 2016;36(6): 592-605.
  69. Bernardini J., Price V., Figueiredo A., et al. Peritoneal dialysis patient training, 2006. Perit Dial Int 2006;26(6):625-632.
  70. Nataatmadja M., Zhao J., McCullough K., et al.Internationalperitoneal dialysis training practices and the risk of peritonitis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. Epub ahead of print 11 October 2021. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfab298. PMID: 34634100.
  71. Rope R, Nanayakkara N., Wazil A., et al. Expanding CAPD in low-resource settings: a distance learning approach. Perit Dial Int 2018;38(5):343-348.
  72. Yi C., Guo Q., Lin J., et al. Patient-doctor contact interval and clinical outcomes in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 2017;45(4):346-352.
  73. Ellis E.N., Blaszak C., Wright S., et al. Effectiveness of home visits to pediatric peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 2012;32(4):419-423.
  74. Martino F., Adibelli Z, Mason G., et al. Home visit program improves technique survival in peritoneal dialysis. Blood Purif 2014;37(4):286-290.
  75. Bechade C., Guillouet S., Verger C., et al. Centre characteristics associated with the risk of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis: a hierarchical modelling approach based on the data of the French language peritoneal dialysis registry. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2017;32(6):1018-1023.
  76. Russo R, Manili L., Tiraboschi G, et al. Patient re-training in peritoneal dialysis:.Why and when it is needed. Kidney Int Suppl 2006; 70(103):S127-S132.
  77. Hu Y., Xu L., Wang X., et al. Changes before and after COVID-19 pandemic on the personal hygiene behaviors and incidence of peritonitis in peritoneal-dialysis patients: a multi-center retrospective study.Int Urol Nephrol 2021;54(2):411- 419.
  78. Dong J., Chen Y. Impact of the bag exchange procedure on risk of peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 2010;30(4):440-447.
  79. Piraino B., Bernardini J., Brown E., et al. ISPD position statement on reducing the risks of peritoneal dialysis-related infections. Perit Dial Int 2011;31(6):614-630.
  80. Chang J.H., Oh J., Park S.K., et al. Frequent patient retraining at home reduces the risks of peritoneal dialysis-related infections: a randomised study. Sci Rep 2018;8(1):12919.
  81. Ljungman S., Jensen J.E., Paulsen D., et al. Retraining for prevention of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients: a randomized controlled trial. Perit Dial Int 2020;40(2):141-152.
  82. Xu Y., Zhang Y., Yang B., et al. Prevention of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis by regular patient retraining via technique inspection or oral education: a randomized controlled trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 35(4): 676-686.
  83. Broughton A., Verger C., Goffin E.Pets-related peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis: companion animals or trojan horses? Semin Dial 2010;23(3):306-316.
  84. Chow K.M., Pang W.F., Szeto C.C,. et al. Playing cat and mouse with a gram-negative organism causing peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 2010;30(6): 62-663.
  85. Mirzai S., Rifai A.O., Tidrick A., et al. A case report on Pasteurella multocida peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis: when cats think medical equipment are toys. Case Rep Nephrol 2019;2019:5150695.
  86. Paul R.V., Rostand SG.Cat-bite peritonitis: Pasteurella multocida peritonitis following feline contamination of peritoneal dialysis tubing. Am J Kidney Dis 1987;10(4):318-319.
  87. Nishina M., Yanagi H., Koizumi M., et al. Pasteurella multocida peritonitis associated with a cat in a peritoneal dialysis patient using an automated cycler device. CEN Case Rep 2012;1(2):73-76.
  88. Makin A.J., Cartwright K.A., Banks R.A. Keeping the cat out of the bag: a hazard in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. BMJ 1991;303(6817): 1610-1611.
  89. Sedlacek M., Cotter J.G., Suriawinata A.A., et al. Mucormycosis peritonitis: more than 2 years of disease-free follow-up after posaconazole salvage therapy after failure of liposomal amphotericin B. Am J Kidney Dis 2008;51(2):302- 306.
  90. Freeman A.F, Zheng X.T., Lane J.C., et al. Pasteurella aerogenes hamster bite peritonitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004;23(4):368-370.
  91. Campos A., Taylor J.H., Campbell M. Hamster bite peritonitis: Pasteurella pneumotropica peritonitis in a dialysis patient. Pediatr Nephrol 2000;15(1-2): 31-32.
  92. London R.D., Bottone E.J. Pasteurella multocida: zoonotic cause of peritonitis in a patient undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Am J Med. 1991;91(2):202-204.
  93. Adapa S., Naramala S., Madhira B.R., et al. Peritonitis secondary to uncommon gram-negative Coccobacillus transmitted from a cat in a patient on peritoneal dialysis. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2019;7:2324709619895165.
  94. Abebe M., Laveglia C., George S., et al. Pet-related peritonitis and itsprevention in peritoneal dialysis: a case study. Perit Dial Int 2014;34(4):466-468.
  95. Davies S.J., Zhao J., Morgenstern H., et al. Low serum potassium levels and clinical outcomes in peritoneal dialysis-international results from PDOPPS. Kidney Int Rep 2021;6(2):313-324.
  96. Al Sahlawi M., Zhao J., McCullough K., et al. Variation in peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis outcomes in the peritoneal dialysis outcomes and practice patterns study (PDOPPS). Am J Kidney Dis 2021;79(1):45-55.
  97. Su C.Y., Pei J., Lu X.H., et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms predict peritonitis rates in CAPD patients. Clin Nephrol 2012;77(4):267-274.
  98. Chuang Y.W., Shu K.H., Yu T.M., et al. Hypokalaemia: an independent risk factor of Enterobacteriaceae peritonitis in CAPD patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24(5):1603-1608.
  99. Ribeiro S.C., Figueiredo A.E., Barretti P., et al. Low serum potassium levels increase the infectious-caused mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients: a propensity-matched score study. PLoS One 2015; 10(6): e0127453.
  100. Liu D., Lin Y., Gong N., et al. Degree and duration of hypokalemia associated with peritonitis in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis.Int J Clin Pract 2021;75(8):e14188.
  101. Virojanawat M, Puapatanakul P, Chuengsaman P, et al. Hypokalemia in peritoneal dialysis patients in Thailand: the pivotal role of low potassium intake.Int Urol Nephrol 2021; 53(7): 1463-1471.
  102. Szeto C.C., Chow K.M., Kwan B.C., et al. Hypokalemia in Chinese peritoneal dialysis patients: prevalence and prognostic implication. Am J Kidney Dis 2005;46(1):128-135.
  103. Afsar B., Elsurer R., Bilgic A., et al. Regular lactulose use is associated with lower peritonitis rates: an observational study. Perit Dial Int 2010;30(2):243- 246.
  104. Noppakun K, Narongchai T, Chaiwarith R, et al.Comparative effectiveness of lactulose and sennosides for the prevention of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis: an open-label, randomized, active-controlled trial. Ann Med 2021; 53(1):365-374.
  105. Perez-Fontan M., Machado Lopes D., Garcia Enriquez A., et al. Inhibition of gastric acid secretion by H2 receptor antagonists associates a definite risk of enteric peritonitis and infectious mortality in patients treated with peritoneal dialysis. PLoS One 2016;11(2):e0148806.
  106. Maeda S., Yamaguchi M., Maeda K., et al. Proton pump inhibitor use increases the risk of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. PLoS One 2019;14(11):e0224859.
  107. Nessim S.J., Tomlinson G., Bargman J.M., et al. Gastric acid suppression and the risk of enteric peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 2008; 28(3): 246-251; discussion 236-247.
  108. Zhong H.J., Lin D., Lu Z.Y., et al. Use of gastric-acid suppressants may be a risk factor for enteric peritonitis in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis: a meta-analysis. J Clin Pharm Ther 2019;44(2):209-215.
  109. Wang A.Y., Yu A.W., Li P.K., et al. Factors predicting outcome of fungal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis: analysis of a 9-year experience of fungal peritonitis in a single center. Am J Kidney Dis 2000;36(6):1183-1192.
  110. Goldie S.J., Kiernan-Tridle L., Torres C., et al. Fungal peritonitis in a large chronic peritoneal dialysis population: a report of 55 episodes. Am J Kidney Dis 1996;28(1):86-91.
  111. Auricchio S., Giovenzana M.E., Pozzi M., et al. Fungal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis: a 34-year single centre evaluation. Clin Kidney J 2018;11(6):874-880.
  112. Chou C.Y., Kao M.T., Kuo H.L., et al. Gram-negative and polymicrobial peritonitis are associated with subsequent fungal peritonitis in CAPD patients. Perit Dial Int 2006;26(5):607-608.
  113. Robitaille P., Merouani A., Clermont M.J., et al. Successful antifungal prophylaxis in chronic peritoneal dialysis: a pediatric experience. Perit Dial Int 1995;15(1):77-79.
  114. Zaruba K., Peters J., Jungbluth H. Successfulprophylaxisforfungal peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: six years’ experience. Am J Kidney Dis 1991;17(1):43-46.
  115. Wong P.N., Lo K.Y., Tong G.M., et al. Prevention of fungal peritonitis with nystatin prophylaxis in patients receiving CAPD. Perit Dial Int 2007;27(5):531-536.
  116. Thodis E., Vas S.I., Bargman J.M. et al. Nystatin prophylaxis: its inability to prevent fungal peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 1998;18(6):583-589.
  117. Williams P.F., Moncrieff N., Marriott J. No benefit in using nystatin prophylaxis against fungal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 2000;20(3):352-353.
  118. Davenport A., Wellsted D. Pan Thames Renal Audit Peritoneal Dialysis G. Does antifungal prophylaxis with daily oral fluconazole reduce the risk of fungal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients? The pan Thames renal audit. Blood Purif 2011;32(3):181-185.
  119. Lopes K., Rocha A., Rodrigues., et al. Long-term peritoneal dialysis experience: quality control supports the use offluconazole to prevent fungal peritonitis.Int J Artif Organs 2013;36(7):484-488.
  120. Kumar K.V., Mallikarjuna H.M., Gokulnath, et al. Fungal peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: the impact of antifungal prophylaxis on patient and technique outcomes. Indian J Nephrol 2014;24(5): 297-301.
  121. Lo W.K., Chan C.Y., Cheng S.W., et al. A prospective randomized control study of oral nystatin prophylaxis for Candida peritonitis complicating continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1996;28(4): 549-552.
  122. Restrepo C., Chacon J., Manjarres G.Fungal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients: successful prophylaxis with fluconazole, as demonstrated by prospective randomized control trial. Perit Dial Int 2010;30(6):619-625.
  123. Shukla A., Abreu Z., Bargman J.M. Streptococcal PD peritonitis--a 10-year review of one centre’s experience. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21(12): 3545-3549.
  124. Kiddy K., Brown P.P., Michael J., et al. Peritonitis due to Streptococcus viridans in patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985;290(6473):969-970.
  125. Yuen K.Y., Seto W.H., Ching T.Y., et al. An outbreak of Candida tropicalis peritonitis in patients on intermittent peritoneal dialysis. J Hosp Infect 1992;22(1):65-72.
  126. Cheng V.C., Lo W.K., Woo P.C., et al. Polymicrobial outbreak of intermittent peritoneal dialysis peritonitis during external wall renovation at a dialysis center. Perit Dial Int 2001;21(3):296-301.
  127. Greaves I., Kane K, Richards N.T., et al. Pigeons and peritonitis? Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992;7(9):967-969.
  128. Teitelbaum I. Cloudy peritoneal dialysate: it’s not always infection. Contrib Nephrol 2006;150:187-194.
  129. Gould I.M., Casewell M.W. The laboratory diagnosis of peritonitis during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. J Hosp Infect. 1986;7(2):155-160.
  130. Flanigan M.J., Freeman R.M., Lim V.S. Cellular response to peritonitis among peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1985;6(6):420-424.
  131. Chang J.J., Yeun J.Y., Hasbargen J.A. Pneumoperitoneum in peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1995;25(2):297-301.
  132. Males B.M., Walshe J.J., Amsterdam D. Laboratory indices of clinical peritonitis: total leukocyte count, microscopy, and microbiologic culture of peritoneal dialysis effluent. J Clin Microbiol 1987;25(12):2367-2371.
  133. Mugambi S.M., Ullian M. Bacteremia, sepsis, and peritonitis with Pasteurella multocida in a peritoneal dialysis patient. Perit Dial Int 2010;30(3):381-383.
  134. Galvao C., Swartz R., Rocher L., et al. Acinetobacter peritonitis during chronic peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1989;14(2):101-104.
  135. Morduchowicz G, van Dyk D.J., Wittenberg C., et al. Bacteremia complicating peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 1993;13(4):278-280.
  136. Penven M., Lalieu A., Boruchowicz A., et al. Bacteremia caused by Elizabethkingia miricola in a patient with acute pancreatitis and peritoneal dialysis. Med Mal Infect 2020;50(4):379-381.
  137. Lee C.C., Sun C., Chang K.C., et al. Positive dialysate gram stain predicts outcome of empirical antibiotic therapy for peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis. Ther Apher Dial 2010;14(2):201-208.
  138. Buchanan R., Fan S., NicFhogartaigh C. Performance of gram stains and 3 culture methods in the analysis of peritoneal dialysis fluid. Perit Dial Int 2019;39(2):190-192.
  139. de Fijter C.W.H. Gram stain of peritoneal dialysis fluid: the potential of direct policy-determining importance in early diagnosis of fungal peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 2019;39(6):574-575.
  140. Finch R.C., Holliday A.P., Innes A., et al. Pharmacokinetic behavior of intraperitoneal teicoplanin during treatment of peritonitis complicating continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40(8):1971-1972.
  141. Blunden M., Zeitlin D., Ashman N., et al. Single UK centre experience on the treatment of PD peritonitis--antibiotic levels and outcomes. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007;22(6):1714-1719.
  142. Chow K.M., Chow V.C., Szeto C.C., et al. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis peritonitis: broth inoculation culture versus water lysis method. Nephron Clin Pract 2007;105(3):c121-125.
  143. Tanratananon D., Deekae S., Raksasuk S., et al. Evaluation of different methods to improve culture-negative peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis: a single-center study. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021;63:102139.
  144. Iyer R.N., Reddy A.K., Gande S., et al. Evaluation of different culture methods for the diagnosis of peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014;20(5):O294-O296.
  145. Ganapathy Pillay S., Mohd Amin S.D.W., Masri S.N., et al. Evaluation of tween 80 incorporated media to increase pathogen isolation from peritoneal fluid of CAPD patients at hospital Kuala Lumpur. Malays J Pathol 2021;43(2):261-268.
  146. Kanjanabuch T., Chatsuwan T., Udomsantisuk N., et al. Association of local unit sampling and microbiology laboratory culture practices with the ability to identify causative pathogens in peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis in Thailand. Kidney Int Rep 2021;6(4):1118-1129.
  147. Kanjanabuch T., Puapatanakul P., Saejew T., et al. The culture from peritoneal dialysis catheter enhances yield of microorganism identification in peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 2020;40(1):93-95.
  148. Park S.J., Lee J.Y., Tak W.T., et al. Using reagent strips for rapid diagnosis of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. Adv Perit Dial 2005;21:69-71.
  149. Ro Y., Hamada C., Io H., et al. Rapid, simple, and reliable method for the diagnosis of CAPD peritonitis using the new MMP-9 test kit. J Clin Lab Anal 2004;18(4):224-230.
  150. Abbott I.J., Slavin M.A., Turnidge J.D., et al. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: emerging disease patterns and challenges for treatment. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2011;9(4):471-488.
  151. Szeto C.C., Ng J.K., Fung W.W., et al. Polymerase chain reaction/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (PCR/ESI-MS) is not suitable for rapid bacterial identification in peritoneal dialysis effluent. Perit Dial Int 2021;41(1):96-100.
  152. Ahmadi S.H., Neela V., Hamat R.A., et al. Rapid detection and identification of pathogens in patients with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) associated peritonitis by 16s rRNA gene sequencing. Trop Biomed 2013;30(4):602-607.
  153. Ramirez M.G., Ibarra Sifuentes H.R., Alvizures Solares S.R., et al. Candida tropicalis in peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis diagnosed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2021;32(1):245-248.
  154. Zhang J., Friberg I.M., Kift-Morgan A., et al. Machine-learning algorithms define pathogen-specific local immune fingerprints in peritoneal dialysis patients with bacterial infections. Kidney Int 2017;92(1):179-191.
  155. Lin C.Y., Roberts G.W., Kift-Morgan A., et al. Pathogen-specific local immune fingerprints diagnose bacterial infection in peritoneal dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013;24(12):2002-2009.
  156. Goodlad C., George S., Sandoval S., et al. Measurement of innate immune response biomarkers in peritoneal dialysis effluent using a rapid diagnostic point-of-care device as a diagnostic indicator of peritonitis. Kidney Int 2020;97(6):1253-1259.
  157. Chamroensakchai T., Manuprasert W., Puapatanakul P., et al. Serum galactomannan index for the rapid diagnosis of fungal peritonitis in patients with peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int Rep 2020;5(4):530-534.
  158. Worasilchai N., Leelahavanichkul A., Kanjanabuch., et al. (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan and galactomannan testing for the diagnosis of fungal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients, a pilot study. Med Mycol 2015;53(4):338-346.
  159. Chamroensakchai T., Manuprasert W., Leelahavanichkul A, et al. Rhodococcus induced false-positive galactomannan (GM), a biomarker of fungal presentation, in patients with peritoneal dialysis: Case reports. BMC Nephrol 2019;20(1):445.
  160. Ballinger A.E., Palmer S.C., Wiggins K.J., et al. Treatment for peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;2014(4): CD005284.
  161. Htay H., Cho Y., Pascoe E.M., et al. Center effects and peritoneal dialysis peritonitis outcomes: analysis of a national registry. Am J Kidney Dis 2018;71(6):814-821.
  162. Zelenitsky S.A., Howarth J., Lagace-Wiens P., et al. Microbiological trends and antimicrobial resistance in peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis, 2005 to 2014. Perit Dial Int 2017;37(2):170-176.
  163. Badve S.V., Hawley C.M., McDonald S.P., et al. Use of aminoglycosides for peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis does not affect residual renal function. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012;27(1):381-387.
  164. Baker R.J., Senior H., Clemenger M., et al. Empirical aminoglycosides for peritonitis do not affect residual renal function. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;41(3):670-675.
  165. Lui S.L., Cheng S.W., Ng F., et al. Cefazolin plus netilmicin versus cefazolin plus ceftazidime for treating CAPD peritonitis: effect on residual renal function. Kidney Int 2005;68(5):2375-2380.
  166. Tokgoz B., Somdas M.A., Ucar C., et al. Correlation between hearing loss and peritonitis frequency and administration of ototoxic intraperitoneal antibiotics in patients with CApD. Ren Fail 2010;32(2):179-184.
  167. Wong K.M., Chan Y.H., Cheung C.Y., et al. Cefepime versus vancomycin plus netilmicin therapy for continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis. Am J Kidney Dis 2001;38(1):127-131.
  168. Kitrungphaiboon T., Puapatanakul P., Chuengsaman P., et al.Intraperitoneal cefepime monotherapy versus combination therapy of cefazolin plus ceftazidime for empirical treatment of CAPD-associated peritonitis: a multicenter, open-label, noninferiority, randomized, controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2019;74(5):601-609.
  169. Li P.K., Ip M., Law M.C., et al. Use of intraperitoneal cefepime as monotherapy in treatment of CAPD peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 2000;20(2):232-234.
  170. Fontan MP, Cambre HD, Rodriguez-Carmona A, et al. Treatment ofperitoneal dialysis-related peritonitis with ciprofloxacin monotherapy: clinical outcomes and bacterial susceptibility over two decades. Perit Dial Int. 2009;29(3): 310-318.
  171. Muthucumarana K., Howson P., Crawford D., et al. The relationship between presentation and the time of initial administration of antibiotics with outcomes of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients: the PROMPT study. Kidney Int Rep 2016;1(2):65-72.
  172. Oki R., Tsuji S., Hamasaki Y., et al. Time until treatment initiation is associated with catheter survival in peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis. Sci Rep 2021;11(1):6547.
  173. Dos Santos A., Hernandes R.T., Montelli A.C., et al. Clinical and microbiological factors predicting outcomes of nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis. Sci Rep 2021;11(1):12248.
  174. Lye W.C., Wong P.L., van der Straaten J.C., et al. A prospective randomized comparison of single versus multidose gentamicin in the treatment of CAPD peritonitis. Adv Perit Dial 1995;11:179-181.
  175. Varghese J.M., Roberts J.A., Wallis S.C., et al. Pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal gentamicin in peritoneal dialysis patients with peritonitis (GIPD study). Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012;7(8):1249-1256.
  176. Manley H.J., Bailie G.R., Frye R., et al. Pharmacokinetics of intermittent intravenous cefazolin and tobramycin in patients treated with automated peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000;11(7):1310-1316.
  177. Roberts D.M., Ranganathan D., Wallis S.C., et al. Pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal cefalothin and cefazolin in patients being treated for peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 2016;36(4):415-420.
  178. Peerapornratana S, Chariyavilaskul P, Kanjanabuch T, et al. Short-Dwell cycling intraperitoneal cefazolin plus ceftazidime in peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 2017; 37(2): 218-224.
  179. Osukhowong T., Eiam-Ong S., Thamutok K., et al. Pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal cefazolin and gentamicin in empiric therapy of peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 2001;21(6):587-594.
  180. Agrawal A., Agarwal S.K., Kaleekal T., et al. Rifampicin and anti-hypertensive drugs in chronic kidney disease: pharmacokinetic interactions and their clinical impact. Indian J Nephrol 2016;26(5):322-328.
  181. Albin H.C., Demotes-Mainard F.M., Bouchet J.L., et al. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and intraperitoneal cefotaxime in chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1985;38(3):285-289.
  182. Leung C.B., Szeto C.C., Chow K.M., et al. Cefazolin plus ceftazidime versus imipenem/cilastatin monotherapy for treatment of CAPD peritonitis-- a randomized controlled trial. Perit Dial Int 2004;24(5):440-446.
  183. Albin H., Ragnaud J.M., Demotes-Mainard F., et al. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and intraperitoneal ceftriaxone in chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1986;31(4):479-483.
  184. Bierhoff M., Krutwagen E., van Bommel E.F., et al. Listeria peritonitis in patients on peritoneal dialysis: two cases and a review of the literature.Neth J Med 2011;69(10):461-464.
  185. Boss K., Wiegard-Szramek I., Dziobaka J., et al.Intraperitoneal ampicillin treatmentforperitoneal dialysis-related peritonitis with listeria monocytogenes -a case report. BMC Nephrol 2020;21(1):404.
  186. Yip T., Tse K.C., Ng F., et al. Clinical course and outcomes of singleorganism enterococcus peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 2011;31(5):522-528.
  187. Lam M.F., Tang B.S., Tse K.C., et al. Ampicillin-sulbactam and amikacin used as second-line antibiotics for patients with culture-negative peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 2008;28(5):540-542.
  188. Fitzpatrick M.A., Esterly J.S., Postelnick M.J., et al. Successful treatment of extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii peritoneal dialysis peritonitis with intraperitoneal polymyxin B and ampicillin-sulbactam. Ann Pharmacother 2012;46(7-8):e17.
  189. Zaidenstein R., Weissgarten J., Dishi V., et al. Pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal piperacillin/tazobactam in patients on peritoneal dialysis with and without pseudomonas peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 2000;20(2):227-231.
  190. Pasadakis P., Thodis E., Euthimiadou A., et al. Treatment of CAPD peritonitis with clavulanate potentiated ticarcillin. Adv Perit Dial 1992;8:238-241.
  191. Fuiano G., Sepe V., Viscione M., et al. Effectiveness of single daily intraperitoneal administration of aztreonam and cefuroxime in the treatment of peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Perit Dial Int 1989;9(4):273-275.
  192. Dratwa M., Glupczynski Y., Lameire N., et al. Treatment of gram-negative peritonitis with aztreonam in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Rev Infect Dis 1991;13(Suppl 7):S645-S647.
  193. Gerig J.S., Bolton N.D., Swabb E.A., et al. Effect of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis on aztreonam pharmacokinetics. Kidney Int 1984;26(3):308-318.
  194. Cheng I.K., Chan C.Y., Wong W.T., et al. A randomized prospective comparison of oral versus intraperitoneal ciprofloxacin as the primary treatment of peritonitis complicating continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 1993;13(Suppl 2):S351-S354.
  195. Chang M.J., Namgung H., Choi H.D., et al. Pharmacokinetics of clindamycin in the plasma and dialysate after intraperitoneal administration of clindamycin phosphoester to patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: an open-label, prospective, single-dose, two-institution study. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2012;110(6):504-509.
  196. Saint Paul L.P, Ficheux M., Debruyne D., et al. Pharmacokinetics of 300 mg/d intraperitoneal daptomycin: new insight from the daptoDP study. Perit Dial Int 2018;38(6):463-466.
  197. Lin S.Y., Ho M.W., Liu J.H., et al. Successful salvage of peritoneal catheter in unresolved methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusperitonitis by combination treatment with daptomycin and rifampin. Blood Purif 2011;32(4):249-252.
  198. Huen S.C., Hall I., Topal J., et al. Successful use of intraperitoneal daptomycin in the treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus peritonitis. Am J Kidney Dis 2009;54(3):538-541.
  199. Perez Melon C., Borrajo Prol M., Iglesias E., et al. Daptomycin in peritoneal dialysis, intraperitoneal or intravenous. Nefrologia 2016;36(4):461-462.
  200. Gilmore J.F, Kim M., LaSalvia M.T., et al. Treatment of enterococcal peritonitis with intraperitoneal daptomycin in a vancomycin-allergic patient and a review of the literature. Perit Dial Int 2013;33(4):353-357.
  201. Kussmann M., Baumann A., Hauer S., et al.Compatibility of fosfomycin with different commercial peritoneal dialysis solutions. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017;36(11):2237-2242.
  202. Kussmann M., Hauer S., Pichler P., et al. Influence of different peritoneal dialysis fluids on the in vitro activity of fosfomycin against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018;37(6):1091-1098.
  203. Anwar N., Merchant M., Were T., et al. A prospective, randomized study of the comparative safety and efficacy of intraperitoneal imipenem versus vancomycin and netilmicin in the treatment of peritonitis on CAPD. Perit Dial Int 1995;15(2):167-171.
  204. Cheng I.K., Chan C.Y., Wong W.T. A randomised prospective comparison of oral ofloxacin and intraperitoneal vancomycin plus aztreonam in the treatment of bacterial peritonitis complicating continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Perit Dial Int 1991;11(1):27-30.
  205. Lynn WA, Clutterbuck E, Want S, et al. Treatment of CAPD-peritonitis due to glycopeptide-resistant enterococcus faecium with quinupristin/ dalfopristin. Lancet 1994; 344(8928): 1025-1026.
  206. de Fijter CW, Jakulj L, Amiri F, et al.Intraperitoneal meropenem for polymicrobial peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 2016; 36(5): 572-573.
  207. Ling C.W., Sud K., Van C., et al. Pharmacokinetics of culture-directed antibiotics for the treatment of peritonitis in automated peritoneal dialysis: a systematic narrative review. Perit Dial Int 2021;41(3):261-272.
  208. Ma Y., Geng Y., Jin L., et al. Serum vancomycin levels predict the short-term adverse outcomes of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis. Perit Dial Int. Epub ahead of print 13 January 2022. doi: 10.1177/08968608211064192.
  209. Vlaar P.J., van Hulst M., Benne C.A., et al.Intraperitoneal compared with intravenous meropenem for peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 2013;33(6):708-709.
  210. Liakopoulos V., Leivaditis K., Nikitidou O., et al.Intermittent intraperitoneal dose of teicoplanin in peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 2012;32(3):365-366.
  211. Lupo A., Rugiu C., Bernich P., et al. A prospective, randomized trial of two antibiotic regimens in the treatment of peritonitis in CAPD patients: teicoplanin plus tobramycin versus cephalothin plus tobramycin. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997;40(5):729-732.
  212. Falbo Dos Reis P., Barretti P., Marinho L., et al. Pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal vancomycin and amikacin in automated peritoneal dialysis patients with peritonitis. Front Pharmacol 2021;12:658014.
  213. Lam E., Ting Kayla Lien Y., Kraft W.K., et al.Intraperitoneal pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in patients on automated peritoneal dialysis. Clin Transl Sci. Epub ahead ofprint 9 November 2021. doi: 10.1111/cts.13182.
  214. De Vriese A.S, Vandecasteele S.J. Vancomycin: the tale of the vanquisher and the pyrrhic victory. Perit Dial Int 2014;34(2):154-161.
  215. Matuszkiewicz-Rowinska J. Update on fungal peritonitis and its treatment. Perit Dial Int 2009; 29(Suppl 2):S161-S165.
  216. Dahl N.V., Foote E.F., Searson K.M., et al. Pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal fluconazole during continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis. Ann Pharmacother 1998;32(12):1284-1289.
  217. Roberts D.M., Kauter G., Ray J.E., et al.Intraperitoneal voriconazole in a patient with Aspergillus peritoneal dialysis peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 2013;33(1):92-93.
  218. Kussmann M., Schuster L., Zeitlinger M., et al. The influence of different peritoneal dialysis fluids on the in vitro activity of ampicillin, daptomycin, and linezolid against enterococcus faecalis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015;34(11):2257-2263.
  219. Szeto CC, Ng JK, Chow KM, et al. Treatment of enterococcal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients by oral amoxicillin or intra-peritoneal vancomcyin: a retrospective study. Kidney Blood Press Res 2017; 42(5): 837-843.
  220. Shalit I, Greenwood RB, Marks MI, et al. Pharmacokinetics of singledose oral ciprofloxacin in patients undergoing chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1986;30(1):152-156.
  221. Lee C., Walker S.A.N., Palmay L., et al. Steady-State pharmacokinetics of oral ciprofloxacin in continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis patients: brief report. Perit Dial Int 2018;38(1):73-76.
  222. Verbanck J.J., Verlinde A.M., Verbanck M.I., et al. Campylobacter jejuni II peritonitis in a CCPD patient: cure by oral clarithromycin. Perit Dial Int 1999;19(1):85-86.
  223. Ma T.K., Lee K.P., Chow K.M., et al. Campylobacter peritonitis complicating peritoneal dialysis: a review of 12 consecutive cases. Perit Dial Int 2013;33(2):189-194.
  224. O’Riordan J., Bhally H.S., Salmon A.H., et al. Successful treatment of carbapenemase producing enterobacteriaceae peritonitis: ‘old therapy for a new bug" Perit Dial Int 2020;40(1):100-102.
  225. Cheung C.Y., Chan S.Y., Yeung C.S., et al. Carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae as a cause of peritonitis in a peritoneal dialysis patient. Nephrology (Carlton) 2016;21(10):906-907.
  226. Koomanachai P., Landersdorfer C.B., Chen G., et al. Pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate and formed colistin in end-stage renal disease patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014;58(1):440-446.
  227. Van Matre E.T., Teitelbaum I., Kiser T.H.Intravenous and intraperitoneal pharmacokinetics of dalbavancin in peritoneal dialysis patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020;64(5):e02089-19.
  228. Cardone K.E., Lodise T.P., Patel N., et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous daptomycin during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;6(5):1081-1088.
  229. Cardone KE, Grabe DW, Kulawy RW, et al. Ertapenem pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56(2): 725-730.
  230. Cheng I.K., Fang G.X., Chau P.Y., et al. A randomized prospective comparison of oral levofloxacin plus intraperitoneal (IP) vancomycin and IP netromycinplus IP vancomycin as primary treatment of peritonitis complicating CAPD. Perit Dial Int 1998;18(4):371-375.
  231. Unal A., Agkus C., Kocyigit I., et al. Peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Ther Apher Dial 2011;15(1):115-116.
  232. Song I.J., Seo J.W., Kwon Y.E., et al. Successful treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus peritonitis using linezolid without catheter removal in a peritoneal dialysis patient. Perit Dial Int 2014;34(2):235-239.
  233. Kawasuji H., Tsuji Y., Ogami C., et al. Proposal of initial and maintenance dosing regimens with linezolid for renal impairment patients. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2021;22(1):13.
  234. Xu R., Yang Z., Qu Z., et al.Intraperitoneal vancomycin plus either oral moxifloxacin or intraperitoneal ceftazidime for the treatment of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis: a randomized controlled pilot study. Am J Kidney Dis 2017;70(1):30-37.
  235. Skalioti C., Tsaganos T., Stamatiadis D., et al. Pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 2009;29(5):575-579.
  236. Moso M.A., Macesic N. Peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis with carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021;8(1):ofaa525.
  237. Scheetz MH, Reddy P, Nicolau DP, et al. Peritoneal fluid penetration of tigecycline. Ann Pharmacother 2006; 40(11): 2064-2067.
  238. Celik A, Cirit M, Tunger A, et al. Treatment of CAPD peritonitis with oral trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and intraperitoneal aminoglycoside combination. Perit Dial Int 1999; 19(3): 284-285.
  239. Mahoney MV. Clarification of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole dose in CAPD. Perit Dial Int 2015; 35(1): 116-118.
  240. Wong PN, Lo KY, Tong GM, et al. Treatment of fungal peritonitis with a combination of intravenous amphotericin B and oral flucytosine, and delayed catheter replacement in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 2008; 28(2): 155-162.
  241. Serna JH, Wanger A, Dosekun AK. Successful treatment of mucormycosis peritonitis with liposomal amphotericin B in a patient on long-term peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 42(3): E14-E17.
  242. Franconieri F, Bonhomme J, Doriot A, et al. Fungal peritonitis caused by Rhodotorula mucilaginosa in a CAPD patient treated with liposomal amphotericin B: a case report and literature review. Perit Dial Int 2018; 38(1): 69-73.
  243. Gioia F, Gomez-Lopez A, Alvarez ME, et al. Pharmacokinetics of echinocandins in suspected candida peritonitis: a potential risk for resistance.Int J Infect Dis 2020; 101: 24-28.
  244. Tobudic S, Donath O, Vychytil A, et al. Stability of anidulafungin in two standard peritoneal dialysis fluids. Perit Dial Int 2014; 34(7): 798-802.
  245. Emami S, Lew SQ. Candida glabrata PD-associated peritonitis: a case report. Perit Dial Int 2018; 38(5): 391-392.
  246. Beredaki MI, Arendrup MC, Andes D, et al. The role of new posaconazole formulations in the treatment of Candida albicans infections: data from an in vitro pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65(4): e01292-20.
  247. Whitty R, Bargman JM, Kiss A, et al. Residual kidney function and peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis treatment outcomes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 12(12): 2016-2022.
  248. Lam E, Lien YTK, Kraft WK, et al. Vancomycin in peritoneal dialysis: clinical pharmacology considerations in therapy. Perit Dial Int 2020; 40(4): 384-393.
  249. Chang WM, Cheng E, Shalansky K, et al. Evaluation of intraperitoneal vancomycin in peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis. Perit Dial Int. Epub ahead of print 21 October 2021. doi: 10.1177/08968608211051579.
  250. Stevenson S, Tang W, Cho Y, et al. The role of monitoring vancomycin levels in patients with peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 2015; 35(2): 222-228.
  251. Mulhern JG, Braden GL, O’Shea MH, et al. Trough serum vancomycin levels predict the relapse of gram-positive peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1995; 25(4): 611-615.
  252. Dahlan R, Lavoie S, Biyani M, et al. A high serum vancomycin level is associated with lower relapse rates in coagulase-negative staphylococcal peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 2014; 34(2): 232-235.
  253. Lortholary O, Tod M, Cohen Y, et al. Aminoglycosides. Med Clin North Am 1995; 79(4): 761-787.
  254. Rubin J. Tobramycin absorption from the peritoneal cavity. Perit Dial Int 1990; 10(4): 295-297.
  255. Tang W, Cho Y, Hawley CM, et al. The role of monitoring gentamicin levels in patients with gram-negative peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 2014; 34(2): 219-226.
  256. van der Hulst RJ, Boeschoten EW, Nielsen FW, et al. Ototoxicity monitoring with ultra-high frequency audiometry in peritoneal dialysis patients treated with vancomycin or gentamicin. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1991; 53(1): 19-22.
  257. Johnson DW. Do antibiotic levels need to be followed in treating peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis? Semin Dial 2011; 24(4): 445-446.
  258. Sinswat P, Wu WJ, Sha SH, et al. Protection from ototoxicity of intraperitoneal gentamicin in guinea pig. Kidney Int 2000; 58(6): 2525-2532.
  259. Warady BA, Reed L, Murphy G, et al. Aminoglycoside ototoxicity in pediatric patients receiving long-term peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 1993; 7(2): 178-181.
  260. Chong TK, Piraino B, Bernardini J. Vestibular toxicity due to gentamicin in peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int.1991; 11(2): 152-155.
  261. Tokgoz B, Ucar C, Kocyigit I, et al. Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine from drug-induced ototoxicity in uraemic patients with CAPD peritonitis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 26(12): 4073-4078.
  262. Vural A, Kocyigit I, San F, et al. Long-term protective effect of N-acetylcysteine against amikacin-induced ototoxicity in end-stage renal disease: a randomized trial. Perit Dial Int 2018; 38(1): 57-62.
  263. Kocyigit I, Vural A, Unal A, et al. Preventing amikacin related ototoxicity with N-acetylcysteine in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 272(10): 2611-2620.
  264. Feldman L, Efrati S, Eviatar E, et al. Gentamicin-induced ototoxicity in hemodialysis patients is ameliorated by N-acetylcysteine. Kidney Int 2007; 72(3):359-363.
  265. Kranzer K, Elamin WF, Cox H, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of N-acetylcysteine in preventing aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity: implications for the treatment of multidrug-resistant TB. Thorax 2015; 70(11): 1070-1077.
  266. Kussmann M, Ferth A, Obermuller M, et al.Compatibility of ciprofloxacin with commercial peritoneal dialysis solutions. Sci Rep 2019; 9(1): 6512.
  267. Fernandez-Varon E, Marin P, Espuny A, et al. Stability of moxifloxacin injection in peritoneal dialysis solution bags (Dianeal PD11.36% and Dianeal PD1 3.86%). J Clin Pharm Ther 2006; 31(6): 641-643.
  268. Kussmann M, Schuster L, Wrenger S, et al. Influence of different peritoneal dialysis fluids on the in vitro activity of cefepime, ciprofloxacin, ertapenem, meropenem and tobramycin against Escherichia coli. Perit Dial Int. 2016; 36(6): 662-668.
  269. How PP, Fischer JH, Arruda JA, et al. Effects of lanthanum carbonate on the absorption and oral bioavailability of ciprofloxacin. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 2(6): 1235-1240.
  270. Kays MB, Overholser BR, Mueller BA, et al. Effects of sevelamer hydrochloride and calcium acetate on the oral bioavailability of ciprofloxacin. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 42(6): 1253-1259.
  271. Golper TA, Hartstein AI, Morthland VH, et al. Effects of antacids and dialysate dwell times on multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of oral ciprofloxacin in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987; 31(11): 1787-1790.
  272. So SW, Chen L, Woo AY, et al. Stability and compatibility of antibiotics in peritoneal dialysis solutions. Clin Kidney J 2022. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfac012.
  273. Ranganathan D, Naicker S, Wallis SC, et al. Stability of Antibiotics for Intraperitoneal administration in extraneal 7.5% icodextrin peritoneal dialysis bags (STAB Study). Perit Dial Int 2016; 36(4): 421-426.
  274. Dooley DP, Tyler JR, Wortham WG, et al. Prolonged stability of antimicrobial activity in peritoneal dialysis solutions. Perit Dial Int 2003; 23(1): 58-62.
  275. de Vin F, Rutherford P, Faict D.Intraperitoneal administration of drugs in peritoneal dialysis patients: a review of compatibility and guidance for clinical use. Perit Dial Int 2009; 29(1): 5-15.
  276. Williamson JC, Voiles DF, Lynch PL, et al. Stability of cefepime in peritoneal dialysis solution. Ann Pharmacother 1999; 33(9): 906-909.
  277. Deslandes G, Gregoire M, Bouquie R, et al. Stability and compatibility of antibiotics in peritoneal dialysis solutions applied to automated peritoneal dialysis in the pediatric population. Perit Dial Int 2016; 36(6): 676-679.
  278. Mendes K, Harmanjeet H, Sedeeq M, et al. Stability of meropenem and piperacillin/Tazobactam with heparin in various peritoneal dialysis solutions. Perit Dial Int 2018; 38(6): 430-440.
  279. Harmanjeet H, Jani H, Zaidi STR, et al. Stability of ceftolozane and tazobactam in different peritoneal dialysis solutions. Perit Dial Int 2020; 40(5): 470-476.
  280. Fish R, Nipah R, Jones C, et al.Intraperitoneal vancomycin concentrations during peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis: correlation with serum levels. Perit Dial Int 2012; 32(3): 332-338.
  281. Triyawatanyu P, Chariyavilaskul P, Phaisal W, et al.Intraperitoneal cefazolin and ceftazidime during short-dwell exchange in peritoneal dialysis patients with peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 2020; 40(2): 179-184.
  282. Ejlersen E, Brandi L, Lokkegaard H, et al. Is initial (24 hours) lavage necessary in treatment of CAPD peritonitis? Perit Dial Int 1991; 11(1): 38-42.
  283. Wong SS, Lau WY, Tse YY, et al. Randomized controlled trial on adjunctive lavage for severe peritonitis. Perit Dial Int. 2019; 39(5): 447-454.
  284. Demoulin N, Goffin E.Intraperitoneal urokinase and oral rifampicin for persisting asymptomatic dialysate infection following acute coagulase-negative staphylococcus peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 2009; 29(5): 548-553.
  285. Tong MK, Leung KT, Siu YP, et al. Use of intraperitoneal urokinase for resistant bacterial peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. J Nephrol 2005; 18(2): 204-208.
  286. Gadallah MF, Tamayo A, Sandborn M, et al. Role of intraperitoneal urokinase in acute peritonitis and prevention of catheter loss in peritoneal dialysis patients. Adv Perit Dial 2000; 16: 233-236.
  287. Innes A, Burden RP, Finch RG, et al. Treatment of resistant peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis with intraperitoneal urokinase: a double-blind clinical trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1994; 9(7): 797-799.
  288. Williams AJ, Boletis I, Johnson BF, et al. Tenckhoff catheter replacement or intraperitoneal urokinase: a randomised trial in the management of recurrent continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 1989; 9(1): 65-67.
  289. Vlaanderen K, Bos HJ, de Fijter CW, et al. Short dwell times reduce the local defence mechanism of chronic peritoneal dialysis patients. Nephron 1991; 57(1): 29-35.
  290. Chow KM, Szeto CC, Kwan BC, et al. Randomized controlled study of icodextrin on the treatment of peritoneal dialysis patients during acute peritonitis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29(7): 1438-1443.
  291. Chow KM, Szeto CC, Cheung KK, et al. Predictive value of dialysate cell counts in peritonitis complicating peritoneal dialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 1(4): 768-773.
  292. Nochaiwong S, Ruengorn C, Koyratkoson K, et al. A clinical risk prediction tool for peritonitis-associated treatment failure in peritoneal dialysis patients. Sci Rep 2018; 8(1): 14797.
  293. Choi P, Nemati E, Banerjee A, et al. Peritoneal dialysis catheter removal for acute peritonitis: a retrospective analysis of factors associated with catheter removal and prolonged postoperative hospitalization. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 43(1): 103-111.
  294. Lu W, Kwan BC, Chow KM, et al. Peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis caused by Pseudomonas species: insight from a post-millennial case series. PLoS One 2018; 13(5): e0196499.
  295. Xu R, Chen Y, Luo S, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis with different trends of change in effluent white cell count: a longitudinal study. Perit Dial Int 2013; 33(4): 436-444.
  296. Tantiyavarong P., Traitanon O., Chuengsaman P., et al. Dialysate white blood cell change after initial antibiotic treatment represented the patterns of response in peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis.Int J Nephrol 2016;2016:6217135.
  297. Szeto C.C., Kwan B.C., Chow K.M., et al. Recurrent and relapsing peritonitis: causative organisms and response to treatment. Am J Kidney Dis 2009;54(4):702-710.
  298. Burke M., Hawley C.M., Badve S.V., et al. Relapsing and recurrent peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis: a multicenter registry study. Am J Kidney Dis 2011;58(3):429-436.
  299. Szeto C.C., Kwan B.C., Chow K.M., et al. Repeat peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis: retrospective review of 181 consecutive cases. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;6(4):827-833.
  300. Thirugnanasambathan T, Hawley CM, Badve SV, et al. Repeated peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis: a multicenter registry study. Am J Kidney Dis 2012;59(1):84-91.
  301. Reis M., Ribeiro C., Gomes A.M., et al. Repeat and relapsing peritonitis microbiological trends and outcomes: a 21-year single-center experience.Int J Nephrol 2021;2021:6662488.
  302. Swartz R., Messana J., Reynolds J., et al. Simultaneous catheter replacement and removal in refractory peritoneal dialysis infections. Kidney Int 1991; 40(6): 1160-1165.
  303. Crabtree J.H., Siddiqi R.A. Simultaneous catheter replacement for infectious and mechanical complications without interruption of peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 2016;36(2):182-187.
  304. Viron C., Lobbedez T., Lanot A., et al. Simultaneous removal and reinsertion of the PD catheter in relapsing peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 2019;39(3):282-288.
  305. Szeto C.C., Ng J.K., Wing-Shing Fung W., et al. Extended antibiotic therapy for the prevention of relapsing and recurrent peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Kidney J 2021;14(3):991-997.
  306. Szeto C.C., Lai K.B., Kwan B.C., et al. Bacteria-derived DNA fragment in peritoneal dialysis effluent as a predictor of relapsing peritonitis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013;8(11):1935-1941.
  307. Camargo C.H., Cunha Mde L., Caramori J.C, et al. Peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis due to coagulase-negative staphylococcus: a review of 115 cases in a Brazilian center. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2014;9(6):1074-1081.
  308. Prasad J.M., Negron O., Du X., et al. Host fibrinogen drives antimicrobial function in Staphylococcus aureus peritonitis through bacterial-mediated prothrombin activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021;118(1):e2009837118.
  309. Chen H.C., Shieh C.C., Sung J.M. Increasing staphylococcus species resistance in peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis over a 10-year period in a single Taiwanese Center. Perit Dial Int 2018;38(4):266-270.
  310. Kitterer D., Latus J., Pohlmann C, et al. Microbiological surveillance of peritoneal dialysis associated peritonit.is: antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of a referral center in GERMANY over 32 years. PLoS One 2015;10(9):e0135969.
  311. Wang HH, Huang CH, Kuo MC, et al. Microbiology of peritoneal dialysis-related infection and factors of refractory peritoneal dialysis related peritonitis: a ten-year single-center study in Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2019;52(5):752-759.
  312. Szeto C.C., Kwan B.C., Chow K.M. et al. Coagulase negative staphylococcal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients: review of 232 consecutive cases. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;3(1):91-97.
  313. Heywood A., Bargman J.M.Coagulase-negative staphylococcal peritonitis: Outcomes of cephalosporin-resistant strains. Adv Perit Dial 2010; 26: 34-36.
  314. Fahim M., Hawley C.M., McDonald S.P., et al. Coagulase-negative staphylococcal peritonitis in Australian peritoneal dialysis patients: predictors, treatment and outcomes in 936 cases. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010;25(10):3386-3392.
  315. Mitra A., Teitelbaum I. Is it safe to simultaneously remove and replace infected peritoneal dialysis catheters? Review of the literature and suggested guidelines. Adv Perit Dial 2003;19:255-259.
  316. Haivas C.D., Teitelbaum I.Eradication of repeated episodes of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus peritonitis: a multipronged approach. Perit Dial Int 2019;39(6):568-570.
  317. Szeto C.C., Chow K.M., Kwan B.C., et al. Staphylococcus aureus peritonitis complicates peritoneal dialysis: review of 245 consecutive cases. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007;2(2):245-251.
  318. Govindarajulu S., Hawley C.M., McDonald S.P., et al. Staphylococcus aureus peritonitis in Australian peritoneal dialysis patients: predictors, treatment, and outcomes in 503 cases. Perit Dial Int 2010;30(3):311-319.
  319. Tobudic S., Kern S., Kussmann M., et al. Effect of peritoneal dialysis fluids on activity of teicoplanin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. Perit Dial Int 2019;39(3):293-294.
  320. O’Shea S., Hawley C.M., McDonald S.P., et al. Streptococcal peritonitis in Australian peritoneal dialysis patients: predictors, treatment and outcomes in 287 cases. BMC Nephrol 2009;10:19.
  321. Santos J.E., Rodriguez Magarinos C, Garcia Gago L, et al. Long-term trends in the incidence of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis disclose an increasing relevance of streptococcal infections: a longitudinal study. PLoS One 2020; 15(12):e0244283.
  322. Liu Y., Cheng B.C., Liu J.W., et al. Viridans Streptococcus peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis: clinical characteristics and comparison with concurrent polymicrobial infection. BMC Nephrol 2018;19(1):271.
  323. Chao C.T., Lee S.Y., Yang W.S., et al. Viridans streptococci in peritoneal dialysis peritonitis: clinical courses and long-term outcomes. Perit Dial Int 2015;35(3):333-341.
  324. Htay H., Cho Y., Pascoe E.M., et al. Outcomes of Corynebacterium peritonitis: a multicenter registry analysis. Perit Dial Int 2017;37(6):619-626.
  325. Barraclough K., Hawley C.M., McDonald S.P., et al. Corynebacterium peritonitis in Australian peritoneal dialysis patients: predictors, treatment and outcomes in 82 cases. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24(12):3834-3839.
  326. Szeto C.C., Chow K.M., Chung K.Y., et al. The clinical course of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis caused by Corynebacterium species. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005;20(12):2793-2796.
  327. Chao C.T., Huang J.W., Yen C.J. A rare and under-recognized pathogen in peritoneal dialysis peritonitis: Corynebacterium jeikeium. Perit Dial Int 2013; 3(5):580-581.
  328. Schiffl H, Mucke C, Lang SM. Exit-site infections by non-diphtheria corynebacteria in CAPD. Perit Dial Int 2004;24(5):454-459.
  329. McMullen A.R., Anderson N., Wallace M.A., et al. When good bugs go bad: epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Corynebacterium striatum, an emerging multidrug-resistant, opportunistic pathogen. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017;61(11):e01111-17.
  330. Edey M., Hawley C.M., McDonald S.P., et al. Enterococcal peritonitis in Australian peritoneal dialysis patients: predictors, treatment and outcomes in 116 cases. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010;25(4):1272-1278.
  331. Nzana V.B., Rohit A., George D., et al. Twenty-one episodes of peritonitis in a continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patient: what is the root cause? Indian J Med Microbiol 2018;36(2):282-284.
  332. Piraino B. Peritoneal dialysis catheter replacement: "Save the patient and not the catheter”. Semin Dial 2003;16(1):72-75.
  333. Yeung C.S., Cheung C.Y., Chan Y.H., et al. Risk factors and outcomes of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus colonization in patients on peritoneal dialysis: a single-center study in Hong Kong. Perit Dial Int 2017;37(5):556-561.
  334. Zacharioudakis I.M., Zervou F.N., Ziakas P.D., et al. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci colonization among dialysis patients: a meta-analysis of prevalence, risk factors, and significance. Am J Kidney Dis 2015;65(1):88-97.
  335. Bailey E.M., Faber M.D., Nafziger DA. Linezolidfor treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal peritonitis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;38(4): E20.
  336. Hassoun A.A., Coomer R.W., Mendez-Vigo L.Intraperitoneal daptomycin used to successfully treat vancomycin-resistant enterococcus peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 2009;29(6):671-673.
  337. Troidle L., Kliger A.S., Gorban-Brennan N., et al. Nine episodes of CPD-associated peritonitis with vancomycin resistant enterococci. Kidney Int 1996;50(4):1368-1372.
  338. Johnson C.A., Taylor C.A.3rd, Zimmerman S.W., et al. Pharmacokinetics of quinupristin-dalfopristin in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43(1):152-156.
  339. Siva B., Hawley C.M., McDonald S.P., et al. Pseudomonas peritonitis in Australia: predictors, treatment, and outcomes in 191 cases. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;4(5):957-964.
  340. Szeto C.C., Chow K.M., Leung C.B., et al. Clinical course of peritonitis due to pseudomonas species complicating peritoneal dialysis: a review of 104 cases. Kidney Int 2001;59(6):2309-2315.
  341. Htay H., Cho Y., Pascoe E.M., et al. Outcomes of acinetobacter peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients: a multicenter registry analysis. Perit Dial Int 2018;38(4):257-265.
  342. Li P.H., Cheng V.C., Yip T., et al. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of acinetobacter peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis in Hong Kong-with a perspective on multi-drug and carbapenem resistance. Perit Dial Int 2017;37(2):177-182.
  343. Taylor G, McKenzie M, Buchanan-Chell M, et al. Peritonitis due to Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in patients undergoing chronic peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 1999; 19(3): 259-262.
  344. Tzanetou K., Triantaphillis G., Tsoutsos D., et al. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia peritonitis in CAPD patients: susceptibility to antibiotics and treatment outcome: a report offive cases. Perit Dial Int 2004;24(4):401-404.
  345. Szeto C.C., Li P.K., Leung C.B., et al. Xanthomonas maltophilia peritonitis in uremic patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1997;29(1):91-95.
  346. Abbott I.J., Peleg A.Y. Stenotrophomonas, Achromobacter, and nonmelioid B urkholderia species: antimicrobial resistance and therapeutic strategies. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2015;36(1):99-110.
  347. Brown G.R. Cotrimoxazole - optimal dosing in the critically ill. Ann Intensive Care 2014;4:13.
  348. Junco S.J., Bowman M.C., Turner R.B. Clinical outcomes of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infection treated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, minocycline, or fluoroquinolone monotherapy.Int J Antimicrob Agents 2021;58(2):106367.
  349. Ko J.H., Kang C.I., Cornejo-Juarez P., et al. Fluoroquinolones versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019;25(5):546-554.
  350. Wu H., Yi C., Zhang D., et al. Changes of antibiotic resistance over time among Escherichia coli peritonitis in Southern China. Perit Dial Int. Epub ahead of print 28 September2021: doi: 10.1177/08968608211045272.
  351. Jarvis E.M., Hawley C.M., McDonald S.P., et al. Predictors, treatment, and outcomes of non-pseudomonas gram-negative peritonitis. Kidney Int 2010; 8(4):408-414.
  352. Hsueh P.R., Badal R.E., Hawser S.P, et al. Epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of aerobic and facultative gram-negative bacilli isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections in the Asia-Pacific region: 2008 results from SMART (Study for monitoring antimicrobial resistance trends).Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010;36(5):408-414.
  353. Dias R.C.B, Vieira M.A., Moro A.C., et al. Characterization of Escherichia coli obtained from patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis and diagnosed with peritonitis in a Brazilian centre. J Med Microbiol 2019;68(9):1330-1340.
  354. Lin W.H., Tseng C.C., Wu A.B., et al. Clinical and microbiological characteristics of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis caused by Escherichia coli in southern Taiwan. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018;3 7(9):1699-1707.
  355. Wang T.Z., Kodiyanplakkal R.P.L., Calfee D.P Antimicrobial resistance in nephrology. Nat Rev Nephrol 2019;15(8):463-481.
  356. Iredell J., Brown J., Tagg K. Antibiotic resistance in Enterobacteriaceae: mechanisms and clinical implications. BMJ 2016;352:h6420.
  357. Hughes S., Gilchrist M., Heard K., et al. Treating infections caused by carbapenemase-producing enterobacterales (CPE): a pragmatic approach to antimicrobial stewardship on behalf of the UKCPA pharmacy infection network (PIN). JACAntimicrob Resist 2020;2(3):dlaa075.
  358. Ma T.K., Chow K.M., Kwan B.C., et al. Peritoneal-dialysis related peritonitis caused by Gordonia species: report of four cases and literature review. Nephrology (Carlton) 2014;19(7):379-383.
  359. Lam J.Y., Wu A.K., Leung W.S., et al. Gordonia species as emerging causes of continuous-ambulatory-peritoneal-dialysis-related peritonitis identified by 16S rRNA and secA1 gene sequencing and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). J Clin Microbiol 2015;53(2):671-676.
  360. Poliquin P.G., Lagace-Wiens P., Verrelli M., et al. Pasteurella species peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis: household pets as a risk factor. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2015;26(1):52-55.
  361. Harwell C.M., Newman L.N., Cacho C.P., et al. Abdominal catastrophe: visceral injury as a cause of peritonitis in patients treated by peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int. 1997;17(6):586-594.
  362. Trinh E., Bargman J.M. Utility of abdominal imaging in peritoneal dialysis patients presenting with peritonitis. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2020;7:2054358120964115.
  363. Szeto C.C., Chow K.M., Wong T.Y., et al. Conservative management of polymicrobial peritonitis complicating peritoneal dialysis-- a series of 140 consecutive cases. Am J Med 2002;113(9):728-733.
  364. Ribera-Sanchez R., Perez-Fontan M., Lopez-Iglesias A., et al.Comprehensive approach to peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis by enteric microorganisms.comparison between single organism and polymicrobial infections. Perit Dial Int 2018;38(2):139-146.
  365. Nadeau-Fredette A.C., Bargman J.M. Characteristics and outcomes of fungal peritonitis in a modern North American cohort. Perit Dial Int 2015; 35(1):78-84.
  366. Chang T.I., Kim H.W, Park J.T., et al. Early catheter removal improves patient survival in peritoneal dialysis patients with fungal peritonitis: results of ninety-four episodes of fungal peritonitis at a single center. Perit Dial Int 2011;31(1):60-66.
  367. Giacobino J., Montelli A.C., Barretti P., et al. Fungal peritonitis in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) in Brazil: molecular identification, biofilm production and antifungal susceptibility of the agents. Med Mycol 2016;54(7):725-732.
  368. Tobudic S., Harrison N., Forstner C., et al. Effect of peritoneal dialysis fluids on activity of echinocandins against Candida spp. biofilm. Med Mycol 2017;55(7):790-793.
  369. Peng L.W., Lien Y.H. Pharmacokinetics of single, oral-dose voriconazole in peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2005;45(1):162-166.
  370. Dotis J., Kondou A., Koukloumperi E., et al. Aspergillus peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients: a systematic review. J Mycol Med 2020;30(4):101037.
  371. Miles R., Hawley C.M., McDonald S.P., et al. Predictors and outcomes of fungal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. Kidney Int 2009;76(6):622-628.
  372. Bunke M., Brier M.E., Golper T.A. Culture-negative CAPD peritonitis: the network 9 Study. Adv Perit Dial 1994;10:174-178.
  373. Htay H., Cho Y., Pascoe E.M., et al. Multicentre registry data analysis comparing outcomes of culture-negative peritonitis and different subtypes of culture-positive peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 2020; 40(1):47-56.
  374. Chen K.H., Chang C.T., Weng S.M., et al. Culture-negative peritonitis: a fifteen-year review. Ren Fail 2007;29(2):177-181.
  375. Akpolat T. Tuberculous peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 2009; 29(Suppl 2): S166-S169.
  376. Talwani R., Horvath J.A. Tuberculous peritonitis in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31(1):70-75.
  377. Thomson Benjamin K.A., Stephen V., Bogdan M. Mycobacterium tuberculosis peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients: a scoping review. Nephrology (Carlton) 2021;27(2):133-144.
  378. Al Sahlawi M., Bargman J.M., Perl J.Peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis: suggestions for management and mistakes to avoid. Kidney Med2020;2(4):467-475.
  379. Lye W.C. Rapid diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculous peritonitis in two continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients, using DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction. Adv Perit Dial 2002;18:154-157.
  380. Ahn C., Oh K.H., Kim K., et al. Effect of peritoneal dialysis on plasma and peritoneal fluid concentrations of isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and rifampin. Perit Dial Int 2003;23(4):362-367.
  381. Si M., Li H., Chen Y., et al. Ethambutol and isoniazid induced severe neurotoxicity in a patient undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. BMJ Case Rep 2018;2018: bcr2017223187.
  382. Unsal A, Ahbap E, Basturk T, et al. Tuberculosis in dialysis patients: a nine-year retrospective analysis. J Infect Dev Ctries 2013; 7(3): 208-213.
  383. Washida N., Itoh H.The role of non-tuberculous mycobacteria in peritoneal dialysis-related infections: a literature review. Contrib Nephrol 2018; 196:155-61.
  384. Fung W.W., Chow K.M., Li P.K., et al. Clinical course of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis due to non-tuberculosis mycobacterium - A single centre experience spanning 20 years. Perit Dial Int. Epub ahead of print 3 September 2021.10.1177/08968608211042434.
  385. Jiang S.H., Roberts D.M., Clayton P.A., et al. Non-tuberculous mycobacterial PD peritonitis in Australia.Int Urol Nephrol 2013;45(5): 1423-1428.
  386. Bnaya A, Wiener-Well Y, Soetendorp H, et al. Nontuberculous mycobacteria infections of peritoneal dialysis patients: a multicenter study. Perit Dial Int 2021;41(3):284-291.
  387. Renaud C.J., Subramanian S., Tambyah P.A., et al. The clinical course ofrapidly growing nontuberculous mycobacterial peritoneal dialysis infections in Asians: a case series and literature review. Nephrology (Carlton) 2011;16(2):174-179.
  388. Imam O., Al-Zubaidi K., Janahi M., et al. Peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis caused by Mycobacterium abscessus in children-a case report. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021;8(1):ofaa579.
  389. Kojya S., Shiohira H., Sunagawa Y., et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring in peritoneal dialysis: a case of nontuberculous mycobacterium catheter-related infection treated with amikacin. Clin Case Rep. 2020;8(6):995-998.
  390. Song Y., Wu J., Yan H., et al. Peritoneal dialysis-associated nontuberculous mycobacterium peritonitis: a systematic review of reported cases. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012;27(4):1639-1644.
  391. Bonomini M., Borras F.E., Troya-Saborido M., et al. Proteomic research in peritoneal dialysis.Int J Mol Sci 2020;21(15):5489.
  392. Takeuchi T., Ohno H., Satoh-Takayama N. Understanding the immune signature fingerprint of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis. Kidney Int 2017;92(1):16-18.
  393. Verma A, Chitalia VC, Waikar SS, et al. Machine learning applications in nephrology: a bibliometric analysis comparing kidney studies to other medicine subspecialities. Kidney Med 2021;3(5):762-767.
  394. Fung W.W., Li P.K. Recent advances on novel diagnostic testing for peritoneal dialysis related peritonitis. Kidney Res Clin Pract. Epub ahead of print 21 January 2022. doi: 10.23876/j.krcp.21.204.
  395. Bennett P.N., Bohm C., Harasemiw O., et al. Physical activity and exercise in peritoneal dialysis: international society for peritoneal dialysis and the global renal exercise network practice recommendations. Perit Dial Int 2022; 42(1): 8-24.

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies