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Vol 12, No 4 (2022)

Articles

It was in Elista (on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of sanitary and epidemiological service)

Pokrovsky V.V.

Abstract

The paper describes the identification and localization of an outbreak of HIV infection detected in one of the children’s hospitals in the city of Elista, Kalmyk ASSR, in 1988.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2022;12(4):6-10
pages 6-10 views

The epidemic situation of hepatitis A in the first twenty years of the twenty first century in the North-Western Federal District

Esaulenko E.V., Butskaya M.Y., Skvoroda V.V., Ibrokhimova A.D., Priima E.N.

Abstract

Objective. To study the epidemic situation of hepatitis A (HA) in the North-Western Federal District (NWFD) in the first twenty years of the twenty first century and to identify key trends and possible causes. Materials and methods. The authors analyzed the data of state statistical reporting on HA (Form No. 2 “Information on Infectious and Parasitic Diseases”) and the analytical tables designed at the Pasteur Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology and at the Reference Center for Viral Hepatitis Monitoring, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being. A healthy population was examined for anti-HAV IgG to determine the proportion of a latent component. Results. The intensity of the epidemic process of HA decreased substantially in both the NWFD and Russia in the first twenty years of the twenty first century. During the 2020-2021 COVID-19 pandemic, the lowest HA incidence was recorded possibly due to the activity of general preventive and anti-epidemic measures for two infections. The activity of the epidemiological process is estimated much lower than the real one, since the latent component is not taken into account. Viral load was found to play a role in developing severe cases of the disease and cytolytic syndrome. Conclusion. The current epidemic situation in the Russian Federation necessitates a wide routine vaccination of the population against HA as a priority in the set of preventive and anti-epidemic measures.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2022;12(4):11-18
pages 11-18 views

The epidemic process of the novel coronavirus infection in the Moscow Region

Gasanov G.A., Ugleva S.V., Dubodelov D.V., Svanadze N.K., Esman A.S., Akimkin V.G.

Abstract

Objective. To assess trends in COVID-19 incidence and its structure in the Moscow Region over 2020-2022. Materials and methods. The authors carried out a retrospective epidemiological analysis of morbidity rates for the period of March 30, 2020 to May 29, 2022, by using data from Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Report No. 970, the data visualization and analysis service in Yandex DataLens, as well as a statistical analysis software platform of IBM SPSS Statistics v.26. Results. In the Moscow Region, there were 5 periods of a rise in COVID-19 incidence: 1) March 30 to August30, 2020; 2) August31, 2020to May 9, 2021; 3) May 10 to September 12, 2021; 4) September 13, 2021 to January 9, 2022; 5) January 10 to May 1, 2022. The maximum incidence rate in each of the following period was higher than that in the previous one: 88.40/0000 in Period 1, 141.7 0/0000 in Period 2, 236.10/0000 in Period 3; 265.30/0000 in Period 4, and 976.20/0000 in Period 5. Men and women older than 50years were risk groups. There is a decrease in the number of severe forms of the disease from 6.2% in Period 1 to 0.6% in Period 5 and in the proportion of pneumonias in Periods 4 and 5:56.7 and 7.5%, respectively. Conclusion. There were 5 rises in the incidence rates in the Moscow Region and a decrease in the severity of the course and proportion of pneumonias in the pattern of clinical forms of COVID-19, which is associated with SARS-CoV-2 variability.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2022;12(4):19-25
pages 19-25 views

Development of a procedure for ranking the administrative territories in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation according to the degree of risk for complicating the epizootiological and epidemiological situation of anthrax on the basis of multivariate analysis

Logvin F.V., Kulichenko A.N., Buravtseva N.P., Ryazanova A.G., Gerasimenko D.K., Chmerenko D.K., Mezentsev V.M., Dubyansky V.M., Aksenova L.Y., Semenova O.V., Golovinskaya T.M.

Abstract

Objective. To develop a procedure for determining the minimum set of available criteria for ranking the administrative territories in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation according to the degree of risk for complicating the epizootiological and epidemiological situation of anthrax on the basis of multivariate analysis (in case of the constituent entities of the North Caucasian and Southern Federal Districts). Materials and methods. The investigators used information from the Directorates for the Republic of Dagestan, the Stavropol Territory, and the Rostov Region, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being. Assessing the risks for anthrax provided the ranking factors characterizing the epizootiological and epidemiological activity of the actualized settlements permanently unfavorable for anthrax (PUSs) in the administrative territorial units (ATUs) of the constituent entities: amounts (R1 ) and number of years of activity (R 2 ) of PUSs, proportion of active PUSs (R 3 ) and number of years of activity years (R4 ) over the last 10 years, multiplicity of PUS activity (R 5 ), density (R6 ) and specific gravity (R7 ) of PUSs, and epizootic index (R8 ). The investigators explored the following procedures: ∑R 1-8 , ∑R 1-7 , ∑R 1-6 , ∑R 1-5 , ∑R 1-5.7, and ∑R 1-5.8 . Results. Significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in the division of ATUs in the constituent entities into 4 risk groups were found in most cases of comparison: between ∑R 1-8 and ∑R 1-6 , ∑R 1-5 (the Republic of Dagestan), ∑R 1-6 , ∑R 1-5 , ∑R 1-5.7 , ∑R 1-5.8 (the Stavropol Territory), ∑R 1-7, ∑R 1-6 , ∑R 1-5 (the Rostov Region). At the same time, the ∑R 1-8 procedure more accurately and objectively reflected the situation and risks of anthrax, whereas the exclusion of factors caused a distortion of the results. Conclusion. To rank the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, a ∑R 1-8 -based approach is proposed to make evidence-based planning of preventive measures to improve infection surveillance in the country.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2022;12(4):26-33
pages 26-33 views

Clinical characteristics of non-polio enterovirus infections in adult inpatients from the Krasnodar Territory

Zhukova L.I., Shagina A.F., Rafeyenko G.K.

Abstract

Objective. To provide the clinical characteristics of non-polio enterovirus infections (NPEVIs) in adult inpatients from the Krasnodar Territory. Subjects and methods. The clinical symptoms of verified NPEVI were retrospectively analyzed in 111 adult patients admitted to the Specialized Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital, Ministry of Health of the Krasnodar Territory, in 2016-2019. Results. Among the patients with NPEVI, young people with its moderate symptoms prevailed. More than half of the cases had this disease as exanthema of the mouth and extremities; the meningeal form occurred in a third of patients, NPEVI was the rarest form as an acute respiratory infection. The basic clinical signs of NPEVI in all its clinical forms were short-term febrile temperature, malaise, and weakness, upper respiratory tract symptoms, absolute monocytosis, and elevated C-reactive protein levels. In the meningeal form, the clinical and laboratory signs of serous meningitis were leading along with exanthema of the mouth and extremities - typical exanthema and enanthema. Conclusion. NPEVIs are difficult to diagnose in terms of sporadic morbidity, as confirmed by the frequency of initial misdiagnoses (99.1%). In addition to the mandatory verification of the diagnosis of NPEVI, additional laboratory tests are required to rule out clinically similar diseases.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2022;12(4):34-39
pages 34-39 views

Risk for development of pyoseptic infections in children after open heart surgeries for congenital malformations

Sergevnin V.I., Kudryavtseva L.G., Lazarkov E.V.

Abstract

Objective. To assess the intensity of an epidemic process and the risk ofpyoseptic infections (PSIs) in children after different types of open heart surgery for congenital malformations. Subjects and methods. The medical records of 199 patients under the age of 18 who had undergone open heart surgery for congenital heart defects were examined. The typical and prenosological forms of PSI were taken into account in accordance with epidemiological standard case definitions. Results. The incidence rates of typical and prenosological PSIs after open heart surgery in children were 95.5 and 150.8 cases per 1000 operations, respectively. The main clinical forms of postoperative GSI were nosocomial pneumonia, bloodstream infection, surgical site infection, urinary tract infection. The maximum incidence rates of PSI, nosocomial pneumonia in particular, were recorded after open heart surgery with a high risk of death. Conclusion. The higher incidence of PSI, including nosocomial pneumonia, after high-risk surgical interventions is due to longer surgery and accordingly prolonged intensive care unit stay accompanied by mechanical ventilation than during other cardiac surgeries.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2022;12(4):40-44
pages 40-44 views

Results of prospective epidemiological surveillance of bone marrow recipients

Orlova O.A., Yumtsunova N.A., Nikitina G.Y., Semenenko T.A.

Abstract

Objective. To analyze the results of a prospective surveillance in bone marrow recipients (BMRs) and to identify the factors increasing the risk of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs). Subjects and methods. The 2019-2021 prospective cohort analytical study enrolled 836 hematology unit patients who had undergone bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Biological material was taken from patients with suspected HCAI for bacteriological assay. Microorganisms were identified using a VITEK automatic microbiology analyzer; blood cultures were tested by a Bactec 9050 automatic microbiology analyzer. HCAI risk factors were assessed applying a designed map of active epidemiological surveillance with a list of data (underlying disease, type of transplantation, presence of invasive devices, complications, etc.). The findings were statistically processed employing multivariate analysis. Results. The incidence of HCAI in BMRs was 135.97 ± 89.85per 1000BMTs. The most significant endogenous risk factor was the underlying disease. In patients with cancers (leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma) who had got BMT, the risk for HCAI concurrence was 3.407[95% CI, 2.372-4.894]. Among the exogenous risk factors, the type of transplantation was found to be of great importance: the risk for HCAI after allogeneic transplantation was 5.177 [3.394-7.896]. In the presence of febrile neutropenia, the risk for HCAI was 15.839 [9.381-26.742], which allows us to assign it to the significant markers of HCAI development in BMRs. Conclusion. BMRs are a group at high risk for HCAI in the early post-transplant period and require constant monitoring and timely measures to prevent complications when the risk factors are identified.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2022;12(4):45-51
pages 45-51 views

Epidemiological investigation of infection cases in children with hepatitis C virus in the Department of Hematological Oncology of the healthcare facility

Ladnaia N.N., Dementyeva L.A., Kurganova O.P., Ploskireva A.A., Pimenov N.N., Burdinskaya E.N., Yurgina O.M., Kozyrina N.V., Sokolova E.V., Chulanov V.P., Muzyka A.D., Komarova S.V., Pokrovsky V.V., Popova A.Y., Ezhlova E.B., Igonina E.P., Akimkin A.G.

Abstract

To prevent the transmission of social blood-borne infections that can be transmitted during medical care and to identify the factors that create a threat of transmission of pathogens remain an important task for the facilities of the Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being. Objective. To conduct an epidemiological investigation of cases of suspected infection in children with hepatitis C virus (HCV) during medical care, to study the ways and risk factors for infection in children, to identify the likely source of infection and the site of a chronic lesion with multiple cases of hepatitis C. Materials and methods. The investigation was conducted by the Directorate for the Amur Region, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, with organizational and methodological assistance from the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, in 2018-2019. The investigators carried out a retrospective analysis of more than 8500 units of the 1997 to 2018 medical records, search and examination for HCV/HBVin 2706 out of4899 contact persons, genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of160samples, including those from 99 affected children, and laboratory studies of the objects of the external environment and health care facilities. The reasons for the occurrence of cases of blood-borne infections associated with the provision of medical care were analyzed to implement a set of preventive and anti-epidemic measures. Results. A total of 169 children were identified as suspected to be infected with HCV when receiving medical care in a hospital. To establish the reasons for the formation of a long-term focus of hepatitis C, the investigators eliminated the possibility of perinatally contaminating the children with HCV from mothers or family members through household contact, transmission of this virus during blood component transfusions, as well as its transmission from healthcare staff during professional or household contact. In the department, to where all infected children were admitted, the healthcare staff was retrospectively and promptly established to have violated the vascular catheter care rules and the hygienic handwashing ones during medical procedures, the timing and types of examination of patients for HCV, the disinfection of medical devices and to have made a number of other violations, including failure to provide timely information on new-onset hepatitis C cases in children. There was poor provision of hospital departments with disinfectants, antiseptics, and disposable medical products. The same (leading) HCV genotype 3a was detected in 96.1% of the affected children; HCV genotype 1b was seen in 3 children. Molecular biological studies significantly established an epidemiological relationship among 97.2% of the children infected with HCV genotype 3a. The epidemiological relationship was also confirmed between children with HCV genotype 1b. Conclusion. The artificial mechanism of transmitting the infection has been revealed during invasive medical interventions. The factors of its transmission were medical tools and consumables contaminated with the blood of children with hepatitis C. A child who had 15 admissions to the Department of Hematological Oncology from 1996 to 2013 has been found to be most likely a source of infection for most of the others.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2022;12(4):52-60
pages 52-60 views

Comparative analysis of specific and non-specific markers in patients with different stages of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C

Nikolaeva L.I., Shevchenko N.G., Dedova A.V., Sapronov G.V., Samokhvalov E.I., Vakhromeev A.A.

Abstract

Objective. To study a possible relationship between individual stages of liver fibrosis (LF) in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and their virological, serological, and immunogenetic parameters. Subjects and methods. Five groups of150 patients were formed by the stage of LF. The latter was determined employing transient fibroelastometry. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA was detected and quantified by reverse transcription PCR using 2 versions of the RealBest HCV RNA kit. Antibodies to HCV were detected in the RecombiBest anti-HCV IgM and RecombiBest anti-HCV spectrum test systems. Polymorphic loci of the IFNL3 (rs8099917 T/G) and IFNL4 (rs1297960 C/T) genes were genotyped using the IL28B Immunogenetics kit. Results. Comparison of the virological parameters did not reveal a significant relationship to a certain stage of LF. Among specific antibodies, only anti-HCV IgM showed an association with the fibrosis stages F2-F4 (p < 0.001). The detection rate for these antibodies significantly increased from F0 (46.7%) to F4 (93.3%). The ratio of genotype variants for polymorphic loci of the IFNL3 and IFNL4 genes changed with increasing LF stages. In the liver cirrhosis group, the CT-TG genotype was dominant, the differences in participants with F0 were significant (p = 0.0009). Conclusion. The prognostic markers of impending liver cirrhosis include anti-HCV IgM in high titers and the CT-TG genotype in the polymorphic loci of the IFNL4 (rs1297960 C/T) and IFNL3 (rs8099917 T/G) genes.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2022;12(4):61-67
pages 61-67 views

Crimean hemorrhagic fever in a COVID-19 patient: a clinical case

Abuova G.N., Pshenichnaya N.Y., Berdalieva F.A., Polukchi T.V., Aliev D.S., Sadykhova D.K., Aliev E.Y., Lizinfeld I.A., Akimkin V.G.

Abstract

Crimean hemorrhagic fever (CHF) is endemic in the southern regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there are cases of CHF and COVID-19 coinfection, presenting substantial difficulties in both the diagnosis and treatment of these patients. CHF cases and outbreaks are an additional threat during the pandemic due to the severity of the course, the difficulty of differential diagnosis, and the poor prognosis of CHF and COVID-19. The 2020-2021 summer as the most active season for the incidence of CHF in the city of Shymkent and the Turkestan Region coincided with the peaks in the waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, whereas the similarity of the symptoms of the diseases involved difficulties in establishing a diagnosis. The paper describes clinical case of a patient with severe CHF in the presence of clinical signs of coronavirus infection, COVID-19-associated pneumonia, with a favorable outcome, who has been treated in the Shymkent City Infectious Diseases Hospital. Timely diagnosis and etiotropic therapy with ribavirin, replacement treatment with blood drugs and the use of immunized convalescent plasma could achieve a favorable outcome.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2022;12(4):68-71
pages 68-71 views

Epidemiological aspects of upper and lower respiratory tract infections during the COVID-19

Pshenichnaya N.Y., Gopatsa G.V., Ugleva S.V., Sergevnin V.I., Kudryavtseva L.G., Lazarkov P.V.

Abstract

The review analyzes scientific articles and statistical data on changes in the etiological pattern and epidemiology of upper and lower respiratory tract infections during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is shown that the emergence and spread of SARS-CoV-2 during its pandemic through restrictive measures have affected significantly the global seasonal circulation of respiratory viruses. Uncontrolled and unreasonable use of antibacterial drugs, immunosuppressive therapy for COVID-19, and non-compliance with the anti-epidemic regimen in healthcare facilities have led to a change in the spectrum of community-acquired pneumonia pathogens and to the prevalence of multiresistant opportunistic bacteria and fungal flora as main etiological agents. It is necessary to strengthen the epidemiological surveillance of circulating respiratory viruses and also pathogens that cause lower respiratory tract diseases, as well as to elaborate strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance, and to control their implementation.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2022;12(4):72-76
pages 72-76 views

Academician Lev Vasilyevich Gromashevsky (on the occasion of the 135th birth anniversary of the outstanding Soviet epidemiologist)

Stochik A.A.

Abstract

The paper reviews the scientific, pedagogical, organizational, and social activities of Lev Vasilievich Gromashevsky, a great Russian and Soviet scientist, epidemiologist, and founding academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences and Hero of Socialist Labor.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2022;12(4):77-80
pages 77-80 views

In memory of Beslan Safarbievich Nagoev

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Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2022;12(4):81-81
pages 81-81 views

Index of papers published in this journal in 2022

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Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2022;12(4):82-84
pages 82-84 views

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