Vol 4, No 3 (2016)

Interest to research in the development of new formulations of antituberculosis drugs due to the high incidence of tuberculosis in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation nowadays, including with acquired drug resistance. The reason for the development of acquired drug resistance is to interrupt the treatment of patients is the high toxicity of antituberculosis drugs. The improving the efficiency of antituberculosis therapy remains one of the most pressing. The aim this study was to review the dosage forms of antituberculosis drugs currently used and the ways to improve them. Methods. The study was conducted on the basis of scientific analysis (eLibrary database, PubMed, Cyberleninca), patent (kzpatents), reference (Klifar, Drugs register) and technical literature. Results. It was revealed that the antituberculosis drugs are available in the form of tablets, capsules, granules for oral use and injection solutions. The advantages and disadvantages of oral dosage forms of antituberculosis drugs: tablets, capsules, granules, syrups, suspensions are described. The importance of the development and implementation in practice of pediatric formulations of antituberculosis drugs is mentioned. The state of current research inhaled formulations for the treatment of tuberculosis is described. The prospects of directional inhalation exposure by immobilization of antituberculosis drugs in liposomes, niosomes, nanocapsules, micelles, micro- and nanoparticles are mentioned. The prospect of the rectal formulations use is described. The increase in interest in the molecular encapsulation of medicinal substances with cyclodextrins in connection with the possibility of increasing the bio- availability of active ingredients, reduce the harmful effects on the gastrointestinal tract, extension, elimination of interaction of incompatible components in combination preparations, the protection of unstable substances is marked. Conclusion: the analysis showed the possibility of improving the antituberculosis drugs by creating more comfortable for the reception in the different conditions of dosage forms, as well as the use of antituberculosis drugs immobilization for reducing toxicity, increasing bioavailability and sustained action.

Introduction. The use of NSAIDs in clinical practice is known for a significant reduction of side effects risks, among which the largest share of toxic effects on the digestive system. At the same time, the attention of researchers is increasingly payed to a specific syndrome associated with application of this group of drugs - NSAIDs gastropathy, with necrosis of epithelial cells as a possible morphological substrate. However, as the recent studies have shown, necrosis is not the only, but also is not the main cause of cell death. Apoptosis, the programmed cell death, is observed more often than necrosis. Besides, ulcerogenesis problem is closely linked to the ability of the gastric mucosa epithelium to adequate regeneration. This necessitates a search for the ways to correct the effect of non-steroidal antiphlogistics on the processes of apoptosis and proliferous activity of epithelial cells of the gastric mucosa. Materials and methods. Immunohistochemical studies were performed on paraffin sections using streptavidin-biotin method (“DAKO”, Denmark; LSAB2 Systems, HRP). Antigen unmasking was performed in citrate buffer pH 6.0. Mice`s and rabbit`s monoclonal antibodies were used as the primary antibodies. The cell nuclei were colored with Mayer’s hematoxylin for 15-60 seconds. Condition gastric epithelial proliferative activity was studied using a mouse monoclonal antibody to nuclear antigen Ki-67 (“DAKO”, MIB-1 clone, Denmark) as a sensitive marker of proliferation by T. Scholzen. To characterize the activity of apoptosis the expression of CPP32 (caspase-3) in the gastric mucosa was examined, using semiquantitative rating scale color intensity of 0 (none) - no positive reactions in cells, 1 (weak) - up to 30% of the cells reacted positively 2 (moderate) - 31-60%, and 3 (strong) - 60% more stained cells. Results and Discussion. Analysis of the results of immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67 and CPP32 showed that the basis of gastroprotective effect of vinboron with ibuprofen-induced gastropathy in rats with adjuvant arthritis is its ability to enhance the regenerative properties of the gastric epithelium by restoring the proliferative activity. In addition vinboron is able to inhibit apoptosis induced by ibuprofen epithelial cells of the stomach, which helps to maintain cellular homeostasis of the gastric mucosa.