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卷 17, 编号 3 (2021)
- 年: 2021
- 文章: 11
- URL: https://journals.eco-vector.com/2500-0640/issue/view/8916
Articles
MODELING OF THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYMER FRICTIONAL COMPOSITES WITH CHAOTICALLY ORIENTED GLASS FIBERS AND DISPERSED ADDITIVES OF RUBBER, ALUMINA, GRAPHITE AND BARITE
摘要
The paper solves the problem of constructing a model and carrying out numerical calculations of the values of the ultimate strength indicators for uniaxial compression of polymeric frictional composites. Epoxyphenol-based composites reinforced with short E-glass fibers randomly oriented in the space of the material and dispersed additives of rubber, alumina, graphite and barite are considered. In the simulation original method for predicting the ultimate strength characteristics of matrix composites is used, according to which a compressive load applied to the composite in a certain direction becomes destructive when the internal stress in the polymer matrix begins to exceed its ultimate strength. This method is based on the generalized singular approximation of random field theory, the concept of the stress concentration operator (tensor of the fourth rank), which connects the local (internal) values of the stress tensor with the average (external) stresses over the material, and information on the strength properties of the matrix. The dependences of the values of the ultimate strength indicators under uniaxial compression of polymeric frictional composites on variations in the volume concentrations of fillers – E-glass fibers, dispersed inclusions of rubber and mineral powder, consisting of alumina, graphite and barite in equal volume fractions – have been investigated. As a result of the carried out model calculations, it was found that an increase in the volumetric content of rubber inclusions leads to a weakening of the strength indicators of model composites, which in this case change according to a law close to linear. It is shown that an increase in the concentration of other fillers (both glass fibers and inclusions of mineral powder) leads to a significant improvement in the ultimate strength characteristics of polymeric frictional composite materials, while the nature of the dependences is monotonic.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(3):3-9
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DETECTING COASTLINE CHANGE IN THE SURABAYA COASTAL AREAS (INDONESIA) USING REMOTE SENSING METHOD
摘要
Coastline change in the Surabaya coastal areas (Indonesia) is caused by erosion, accretion, and anthropogenic activities, which are caused by human activities in the coastal areas. All human activities in the Surabaya coastal areas have an impact on the coastline. The purpose of this study was to detect the coastline change in the Surabaya coastal areas from 1994 to 2018. The researchers used remote sensing method to detect the coastline change. The data were obtained from the satellites of Landsat 5 (1994), Landsat 7 (2003), and Landsat OLI 8 (2018). The researchers used the Digital Shoreline Analysis System software and the statistical calculation of End Point Rate. The results showed that from 1994 to 2018 the highest of the average accretion rate in Kalisari sub-district was 75.75 m/year, and the highest of the average erosion rate in Wonorejo subdistrict was measured as of −3.4 m/year. Accretion and erosion occur due to the land use change. In Wonorejo, some mangrove areas were reduced due to illegal logging. In addition, land use change due to new ponds and residential areas occurred in East Surabaya. Meanwhile, anthropogenic activities had an impact on several areas due to Tanjung Perak and Teluk Lamong ports. To improve the environmental situation, continuous monitoring of the coastal areas of Surabaya and cooperation between the Government and the population are necessary.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(3):10-17
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RECONSTRUCTION OF DANGEROUS SURGES IN THE NORTHERN CASPIAN BASED ON DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS AND HYDROLOGICAL MODELING
摘要
The results of reconstruction of dangerous surges in the Volga delta and the Northern Caspian Sea using hydrological modeling tools are presented in the article. High-precision digital models of the Volga delta and Northern Caspian Sea have been developed based on topographic and hydrographic maps. The control was carried out in manual mode. The special algorithm described in the article was developed to take into account the peculiarities of the structure of the channels. The HEC-RAS model has been verified for a number of hydrological scenarios with different variants of the roughness coefficient. The redistribution of the Volga runoff along the branches was taken into account in the calculations, the optimal points for setting the river flow rates and level were proposed. For reconstruction, the choice of dangerous surges in the 20th and 21st centuries was carried out on the basis of information from the scientific literature and according to the data of river level gauges. A total of 26 cases were identified for which calculations were performed. Maximum flooding maps for each case are built. Some features of the Volga delta flooding have been identified. In addition to level fluctuations in the northern part of the Caspian Sea, the inundation area is significantly affected by the discharge in the river Volga – the greater the river discharge – the larger is the flooded area during surges of similar dynamics. The maximum flooded area was 17.5 thousand km2 for the surge in 1991, at the annual flood runoff, the minimum – for the 1940s and 1960s (less than 10 thousand km2), when surges with the maximum level below −27 meters were identified.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(3):18-29
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SALT WATER INTRUSIONS INTO THE DON RIVER DELTA: DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS AND CONSEQUENCES
摘要
The consequences of climate change, which are currently observed in the region as a whole and in the Don estuary area in particular, determine a complex of negative effects. The interconnected rise in the level of the Sea of Azov and the Taganrog Bay, an increase in the height and frequency of surges, a decrease in the solid and liquid runoff of the Don, salinization of the Taganrog Bay, an increase in the contribution of marine factors to the development of the Don delta lead to the intensification of salt water intrusions into the Don delta. Under such conditions, the inflow of saline water into the water intakes of the cities of Azov and Taganrog may occur more often in the future. This has already become a tangible problem for the inhabitants of the Azov region in September 2014, December 2015 and February 2021. The article provides data on the characteristics of intrusions, such as the duration of penetration and the type of mixing. The inflow of salt water into the Don delta is usually short-lived and is mainly associated with surges. The intense wind action during the surge largely explains the prevalence of the first type of vertical mixing, characterized by weak stratification. The results of calculating the penetration range of saline waters are presented. It is noted that the changed natural conditions have led to the fact that at present there is an increase in the penetration range of saline waters by 2–3 times compared to the second half of the last century. An assessment of the consequences of salinization for water supply and the quality of incoming water was made. Recommendations for overcoming the negative consequences of the inflow of saline waters into the Don delta are given.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(3):30-37
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THE MAIN PATTERNS OF BACTERIAL MICROFLORA DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOILS OF SUMGAIT, AZERBAIJAN
摘要
The article is devoted to the study of the patterns of bacterial microflora development in the soils of Sumgait (Azerbaijan). On 10 monitoring sites from different functional zones of the city, characterized by different degrees of anthropogenic and technogenic impact, the indicators of the bacterial microflora were studied seasonally. The results of the research showed that in urbanized soils, the total number of microorganisms decreases in the series: background > park > roadside > industrial-residential. With an increase in the content of hydrocarbons in the soil, the number of saprotrophic microorganisms decreases, the number of hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms increases in the structure of the microbiota. In urban soils with a high content of hydrocarbons, about 10–15 % of the microbiocenosis structure consists of microorganisms capable of decomposing petroleum hydrocarbons and participating in the processes of self-purification of these soils. The degree of soil contamination of Sumgait with petroleum hydrocarbons, especially in industrial-residential and roadside areas, is many times higher than the permissible level, which affects the structure of the soil microbiota. The indicators of the ratio between the number of saprotrophic and hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms can be used as the basis for the ranking of the functional zones of the city according to the degree of technogenic pollution, used as criteria for evaluating sanitary and hygienic standards for urban soils and in the development of bioindication methods. These indicators as bioindicators can be effective for ecological regulation of the content of hydrocarbons in urban soils, ensuring the stable equilibrium functioning of biosystems, including the soil microbiota, as well as in the consideration of programs for the sustainable development of Azerbaijani cities.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(3):38-46
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PROLIFERATION OF SPIROGYRA SP. ON THE FISHING NETS IN THE TAGANROG BAY UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF HIGH SALINITY
摘要
Since the beginning of the 21st century, the Sea of Azov – Don Basin has been affected by lowwater processes, which lead to the filling of the Don Delta and the adjacent water area of the Taganrog Bay of the Sea of Azov with atypical slightly salty and brackish waters. As a result, there is a transformation of the thermohaline, trophic, and biocenotic structure of the reservoir, degradation of the ichthyofauna, and radical restructuring in both planktonic and benthic biotopes. The consequences of these trends more often have the scale of a dangerous natural phenomenon. This paper describes a new phenomenon for the reservoir – the fouling of fishing nets with filamentous algae from the genus Spirogyra in the eastern shallow part of the Taganrog Bay. In the published sources, there is no data on the presence of Spirogyra in the fouling of the studied reservoir. The study of samples collected in May 2021 indicated that the morphological features of spirogyra fertile filaments corresponded to the description of Spirogyra cf. decimina. In addition to S. decimina, two more morphs are distinguished based on the morphological differences of vegetative thallome. The paper presents the results of qualitative analysis and quantitative assessment of macroalgae fouling of fishing nets, as well as micrographs of various stages of development of the studied algae. The article lists the main environmental factors that cause the mass development of representatives of the genus Spirogyra and analyzes the hydrological conditions of the Taganrog Bay with the intensive proliferation of algae on the nets.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(3):47-55
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STUDY OF RARE SPECIES ALLIUM OREOPHILUM IN THE SOUTH-URAL BOTANICAL GARDEN-INSTITUTE
摘要
The article presents the results of the study of two samples of the rare species Allium orephilum C.A. Mey. The species is of practical interest as a honey and ornamental plant. The purpose of the research was to study biometric parameters, seasonal rhythm of growth and development, seed productivity and breeding features. According to seasonal rhythm of development, A. orephilum is a short-vegetative, summer-green ephemeroid. It blooms in late May-early June, seeds mature in July. Vegetation lasts 2.5–3 months. The duration of flowering is on average 23 days for the Italian sample and 16 days for the Perm sample. In the Italian sample, the number of flowers per generative shoot is on average 24.6 pcs, fruits – 14.9 pcs, real seed productivity is 23.4 seeds, potential seed productivity is 147.8 seeds, productivity coefficient is 15.6 %. In the Perm sample, the number of flowers per shoot is on average 14.9 pcs, the number of fruits – 6.8 pcs, real seed productivity – 11 seeds, potential seed productivity – 88.7 seeds, productivity coefficient – 11.7 %. The number of seeds in the fruits of the studied samples is 1.6 pcs, semenification of the fruits – 26.7 %. Mass of 1000 seeds – 3.4–3.6 g. Soil germination – 40–45 %. In the Perm sample the vegetative reproduction coefficient is 1, in Italian sample – 1.5–2. According to the assessment of introductive resistance in culture, the Italian sample belongs to the group of promising plants (sum of points 15), while the Perm sample – to the group of unpromising ones (sum of points 11).
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(3):56-61
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MONITORING OF ORCHIS PURPUREA HUDS. COENOPOPULATIONS ON THE “CAPE MARTYAN” PROTECTED AREA
摘要
The results of long-term monitoring (1986–2020) of the rare species Orchis purpurea Huds. on the “Cape Martian” Protected Area on the Southern coast of the Crimea are presented. In the Crimea this species is protected by the Red Books of the Russian Federation, the Republic of the Crimea and the city of Sevastopol. On the studied territory, it is found in the phytocenoses of the Querceta pubestentis formation, at altitudes of 100–200 m above sea level. From two to seven localities with a total number of 32 to 176 individuals were identified. Most of the local coenopopulations were small (from one to several individuals) and did not appear annually. Only three coenopopulations were stable, maintaining their localization in all the years of observation. The area of the coenopopulations is very small – 1, 5 and 10 m2. The absolute number is 1–14 individuals per 1 m2 (No 1), 5–15 individuals per 5 m2 (No 2) and 24–147 per 10 m2 (No 3). The density ranged from 2.1 individuals per 1 m2 (No 2) up to 6.7 (No 1) and 8.5 (No 3). The distribution of individuals is contagious, which is determined by the predominant vegetative type of reproduction. According to the age structure of the coenopopulations, based on the classification of A.A. Uranov and O.V. Smirnova, they are classified as normal, incomplete, and are represented by bimodal age spectra with two maxima on vegetative and generative individuals. The coenopopulations are characterized as young (according to the predominance of the group of the vegetative period) or in some years of observation – middle-aged (according to the predominance of generative individuals). Senile coenopopulations were not identified. According to L.A. Zhivotovsky classification “deltaomega” coenopopulations of the species are estimated as ripening, mature or aging. High values of the recovery index (1.88–5.24) and replacement index (1.9–5.2) indicate that there are sufficient opportunities for self-support of the coenopopulations. Monitoring of rare orchid species coenopopulations is a necessary measure to assess the prospects for their sustainability and conservation in natural conditions.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(3):62-71
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ABOUT THE INVASION OF DAPHNE LAUREOLA (THYMELLACEAE) IN PLANT COMMUNITIES IN THE NATURE RESERVES OF THE SOUTHERN COAST OF CRIMEA
摘要
The data on the phytocenotic diversity of communities with Daphne laureola in native – in Europe, Southwest Asia, North Africa and the Mediterranean region, as well as data on the distribution and naturalization of the species in Eurasia, North America, Australia, New Zealand are presented. Daphne laureola has the status of a naturalized and invasive species in many regions, as it is found both in anthropogenic disturbed and in natural communities. Naturalized plants in the Mountainous Crimea are observed at an altitude of 50 to 650 m above sea level in the forest and forest-park communities, belonging to three classes (Quercetea pubescentis, Erico-Pinetea, Carpino-Fagetea sylvaticae) according to the classification of Braun-Blanquet. On the Southern Coast of Crimea Daphne laureola is an invasive species with status 2, since it selfregenerates not only in forest-park communities, which are close in composition to communities of the order Querco-Cedretalia atlanticae, but in semi-natural and natural forest communities belonging to two classes of vegetation. In Protected Areas of the Southern Coast (in the “Yalta Mountain Forest” Nature Reserve and the “Cape Martyan” Nature Park), the species prefers mixed forests belonging to the classes Quercetea pubescentis, Erico-Pinetea. The largest cenopopulations in terms of number and completeness were found in the middle forest belt at an altitude of 300–400 m above sea level in the Crimean pine-hornbeam-oak and oak-hornbeamcornel forests with Juniperus deltoides of the Pinion pallasianae, in which the cover of Daphne laureola reaches 30–50 %. In the lower forest belt, up to an altitude of 250 m above sea level Daphne laureola plants with the cover of 10–30 % are observed mainly along the bottoms of ravines, ravines in the sub-Mediterranean hemixerophilous downy oak-hornbeam communities, including Juniperus excelsa, J. deltoides, belonging to the Carpino orientalis-Quercion pubescentis.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(3):72-79
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INFLUENCE OF ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC FACTORS ON SAMPLES OF D16 ALUMINUM ALLOY IN THE MIXING AREA OF SEA AND RIVER WATERS
摘要
In order to assess the corrosion resistance of samples of aluminum alloy grade D16, full-scale bench tests were carried out at two stations in the Don River mouth area. Test period: December 2018 – December 2019. During the research, the hydrological and hydrochemical regimes of the water area were described. Fluctuations of the ionic composition in the areas of the experiment depended on the volume of river runoff, the frequency and amplitude of surges and the associated intrusions of saline waters during surges or a drop in the water level during surges. It is shown that environmental conditions affect the experimental plates both directly and indirectly through the influence on the composition and structure of the forming fouling community. The dynamics of microphytoperiphyton on samples D16 in different parts of the delta was characterized by a two-peak curve with a maximum at the nineth month after the beginning of the experiment. Diatoms predominated, which is typical of many water bodies. Microzooperiphyton on the experimental plates is represented mainly by ciliates. With an increase in the exposure period, there was a tendency to an increase in the proportion of colonial and large sessile ciliates. The formation of macro-fouling communities began on samples that have been in the water for more than three months. The dominating species on the plates exposed at full immersion for 6 months were bryozoans Fredericella sultana. After 9 and 12 months the mollusks Dreissena polymorpha were dominant. When testing samples in water for 12 months, it was revealed that the largest area of corrosion damage for alloy D16 was obtained at Station 2 – 50 %, while during tests at Station 1 the area of corrosion damage does not exceed 30 % of the surface. According to the results of determining the composition of corrosion products on all plates, oxidation products of the samples surface, elements that make up the aqueous medium, and also elements of organic origin prevail.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(3):80-93
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RESULTS OF IDENTIFICATION OF PLOTS WITH IRRATIONAL NATURE MANAGEMENT IN THE COASTAL ZONE OF THE SEA OF AZOV
摘要
According to the results of the Azov complex expedition in 2019, a number of areas with the manifestation of irrational nature management were identified within the Russian sector of the coastal zone of the Sea of Azov. Within the investigated coastal sections 40 unknown and previously recorded solid waste deposits of different area were found, significant areas of land plowed up in dangerous proximity to coastal cliffs in areas with active manifestation of abrasion and landslide processes within the Republic of Crimea (Lenino District), Krasnodar Region (Temryuk, Primorsko-Akhtarsk, Yeysk, Shcherbinovskiy districts) and Rostov Region (Azov, Neklinovskiy districts). The analysis of the spatial location of territories with the marked signs of irrational nature management has been carried out. Also, During the coastal monitoring various facts of negative anthropogenic impact on the environment were revealed: development within the boundaries of coastal protective zones, the consequences of fires, operating and closed for burial cemeteries, exposed to hazardous coastal processes, signs of mining in the coastal zone etc.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(3):94-98
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