№ 5 (2023)

The parameters of chlorophyll a fast fluorescence were estimated with husked oats (A. sativa subsp. sativa) and naked oats (A. sativa subsp. nudisativa). The purpose of the study was to identify differences in the control of primary energy storage processes in two subspecies of oats under the influence of osmotic stress for the subsequent selection of parameters and strategies for oat breeding to increase photosynthetic productivity in early drought conditions. Plants were grown on a complete Knop’s nutrient solution; osmotic stress was created by 10 % polyethylene glycol (PEG-400), osmotic pressure 0.709 mPa. Fluorescence parameters were determined using a Fluor Pen FP 110/S fluorometer (Photon Systems Instruments, Czech Republic). The data was processed by principal component analysis. In husked genotypes, the four main factors were responsible for 94.2 % (control) and 91.4 % (stress) variability of the parameters assessed. In naked oats, three main factors were governed 90.5 % of variability in the absence of stress, four factors (97.1 % variability) - under stress conditions. In naked oats, the flows of trapped energy (TR0/RC) and electronic transport (ET0/ RC) under stress were controlled by the same factor and in the absence of stress - by two different factors; in husked genotypes - on the contrary, by one factor in the absence of stress and by two different factors under stress. Osmotic stress led to the transition of control of absorbed (ABS/RC) and trapped (TR0/RC) energy flows from one factor to two factors in husked oats, but did not affect naked oats. The parameter of efficiency of electron transfer until the primary acceptors of photosystem I (δRE) was controlled by two different factors and enhanced their effect (factor loads from 0.564 to 0.740). Under stress, the δRE parameter reduced the effect of both factors in naked genotypes (factor loads -0.625 and -0.705), decreased the effect of one factor and strengthened the second factor in husked genotypes (factor loads -0.552 and 0.687).

The study was carried out to study the elemental composition of various parts of the grain of white lupine varieties Gamma, Dega and Deter 1, which were cultivated in 2009-2011. in the North- East of the Central Black Earth Region. The content of 19 elements was determined at the Belgorodsky State Center for Agrochemical Service. The elemental composition of grain and its parts has been studied. Intensive consumption of chemical elements allows white lupine to have a unique chemical composition of the grain, which shows that the content of many chemical elements standardized in feeding is much higher than in the seeds of other leguminous crops. In terms of manganese content, white lupine is a concentrator plant. In the grain of white lupine, nitrogen (6.82±0.25 %), phosphorus (0.45±0.07 %), potassium (1.37±0.17 %), magnesium (0.17±) accumulate in significant quantities 0.02 %), sulfur (0.31±0.02 %), iron (41.85±1.36 mg/kg), zinc (48.55±4.33 mg/kg), manganese (390, 70±181.57 mg/kg), cobalt (0.82±0.19 mg/kg), molybdenum (6.80±0.67 mg/kg), which are concentrated to a greater extent in the core. The shell contains calcium (0.35±0.02 %), sodium (0.240±0.006 %), chromium (0.329±0.049 mg/kg), lead (0.60±0.04 mg/kg), cadmium (0.061 ±0.003 mg/kg), arsenic (0.024±0.002) higher than in the core. The separation of lupine grain into core and shell during deep processing can be used to increase or decrease the concentration of chemical elements. The range of variations in the content of chemical elements increases with increasing their concentration. In the analyzed samples, the content of lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury is less than the maximum permissible values for white lupine grain used in feed. The data obtained are important for use in the production of compound feeds, protein concentrates and for determining standards for the content of chemical elements in white lupine grain and its parts as statistical materials when drawing up feeding programs for farm animals, poultry, and fish.

The research was carried out in order to identify the possibility and prospects of using resource-saving technologies in six-field grain-and-crop rotation on ordinary chernozem in 2019-2022. Four technologies of growing field crops were tested: traditional, two with differentiated processing and direct sowing. During the research period, the prospects of resource- saving technologies with a complex of means of intensification were revealed. Compared with the traditional one, the yield increase here was 0.30…0.57 t/ha (11.0…21.0 %). The maximum productivity of crop rotation is established in technology with differentiated tillage and with the use of intensification means - 2.40 thousand grain units/ha, which is 0.20 thousand grain units/ha (9.1 %) more than the technology with direct sowing and 0.38…0.61 thousand grain units/ha traditional and resource-saving (extensive background). According to the research results, technological operations are proposed for growing field crops using the AUP-18.05 unit for direct sowing of cereals, sunflower - Kuhn seeder: differentiated tillage in crop rotation (including loosening by 25-27 cm of bee-4.5 for sunflower and soy; for pure steam - without autumn processing; for barley and spring wheat - direct sowing) or direct sowing for the purpose of maximum cost recovery; application of ammonium nitrate in a dose of N40 (before sowing spring wheat and barley, spring fertilizing of winter wheat); the main application of azofoski (N15P15K15) in the cultivation of sunflower and soybeans; treatment of grain crops with the agrochemicals Bionex Kemi, biofungicide Phytosporin, fungicide Soligor, sunflower - agrochemicals Borogum.

The paper presents the results of a study of the effect of various fractions of humic acids (humic and fulvic acids), extracted from ultrafine humic-sapropel suspension, on the growth and development of various varieties of basil used for medicinal purposes. The plants were grown in a closed grow box for 50 days, while maintaining a stable internal microclimate and an optimal level of insolation for the culture inside the working area. Four varieties of commercial use were chosen as objects for the study: Green Large (mid-ripening), Emily (early-ripening), Lemona (early-ripening) and Marian (early-ripening). A soil mixture consisting of 50 % vermiculite and 50 % peaty-gley soil was used as a solid substrate for sowing seeds: the total organic content was 30.4 %; Ntotal - 1.4 %; pHKCl - 5.57; mobile forms P2O5- 8.8 and K2O - 8.2 mg/kg. Both fractions of humic acids were added as dilute solutions at a concentration of 0.01 %. The treatment of plants was carried out by alternating two methods: a single application of each fraction separately according to the options under the root, and a foliar method, when spraying the leaves once a week. In the control variant, 1.0 N water was used for irrigation during the entire growing season. Knop nutrient solution without humic acid additives. The results of morphometric and chemical analyzes showed that the Lemon variety proved to be the best candidate for further scientific research. The treated plants did not differ in height and biomass from the controls (average 29.75 mg in treatment versus 29.00 mg in control). The best organization in the diet, based on the calculation of element structural coherence indices, also resulted in a slight decrease in the efficiency of photosynthesis in this variety, which is indirectly indicated by the values of the SPAD chlorophyll optic counter (31.98 units on average during processing, against 35.54 units on the control). It is concluded that due to the introduction of organic additives, the variety spends the least amount of energy for its growth, even in a substrate depleted in elements.

Studies were carried out in order to establish the in uence of legume- cereal grass mixtures on the fertility indicators of irrigated meadow- chernozem soil, depending on the duration of their cultivation in grain- grass crop rotation. Two factors were studied in the experiment: A - grass mixture: 1) awnless brome + alfalfa 6 years old, 2) awnless brome + eastern goat’s rue + eastern goat’s rue 12 years old, 3) awnless brome + eastern goat’s rue 21 years old; B - mineral fertilizers: 1) without fertilizers. Nitrogen fertilizers were applied for each of the two mowings, and phosphorus fertilizers were applied as reserves. The dependence of the amount of agronomically valuable aggregates and their resistance to water erosion action on the age of legume-bluegrass grass mixtures was revealed. With an increase in the age of herbs, the number of these aggregates in the soil layer 0…20 cm increased from 48 % under the grass mixture of 6 years of life to 69 % under the grass mixture of 12 years, reaching 79 % under the grass mixture of 21 years of life. When introducing nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers, a decrease in fractions of agronomically valuable aggregates under the grass stand of 12 and 21 years of life was established by 7…9 % in relation to options without fertilizers. With the increase in the age of grass stand, the content of humus and humic acids in its composition, exchange cations and the reaction of the medium did not change significantly, to a greater extent the changes are associated with the influence of mineral fertilizers. The amount of humus under the herbs in the soil layer 0…20 cm was high and reached 6.7…7.1 % in fertilized versions and 7.5…7.8 % in versions without fertilizers. In the composition of humus, the share of humic acid carbon accounted for from 1.9…2.4 to 2.6…2.7 %, respectively, options. The reaction of the medium in the test variants varied from 5.8 to 6.8 units of pH the aqueous suspension. In the composition of exchangeable cations, calcium accounted for 70 to 87 %. In the experimental variants without fertilizers, the content of mobile phosphorus (according to Chirikov) in the soil was 55…90 mg/ kg; when applying fertilizers, its amount increased by 68…95 mg/kg in a layer of 0…20 cm and by 40 …70 mg/kg in a layer of 20…40 cm. Indicators of the chemical and physicochemical properties of the soil reached optimal parameters after 6 years of cultivating the legume-poa grass mixture, so further use (12 and 21 years) of the soil under grass is not practical.

The problems of fertility reducing of rooster semen in the cycle «native sperm-equilibration-short-term and long-term storage (cryopreservation)» are urgent. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different methods of preparation (centrifugation or filtration) of rooster semen on its quality characteristics, depending on the method of removing possible pollutions; to evaluate the change in the composition of the cytosol of spermatozoa of native sperm under the influence of dilution and during short-term storage. Materials and methods. Semen of roosters (n=22) of the Russian white breed was used. Experiment 1: semen was divided into 3 aliquots: I - diluted with synthetic cryoprotective medium LCM in a ratio of 1:1, II - filtered semen diluted with medium (membrane pore diameter 0.2 μm), III - centrifuged (at 3000 rpm in for 10 minutes). Native and frozen/thawed sperm were evaluated in terms of damage to spermatozoa membranes, chromatin, and acrosomes. The composition of carbohydrates and polyols of native spermatozoa was assessed under the influence of dilution and after storage (3 h). The advantage of filtration as a method of technological preparation of semen compared to centrifugation in terms of progressive motility (with rectilinear-translational movement) of sperm (41.0 % versus 27.0 %) and chromatin damage (43.4 % versus 66.4 %) has been shown. The same advantage was observed in frozen/thawed sperm filtered before freezing in terms of progressive motility (25.5 % vs. 5.5 %) and chromatin damage - 16.5 % vs. 33.6 %, respectively. Semen filtration, as a method of technological processing of rooster semen, can be an effective additional step in the preparation of semen for artificial insemination and/or short-term storage. The main component in the composition of the cytosol of native spermatozoa, according to the content of carbohydrates and polyols, was inositol - 73.7 % of ∑ carbohydrates and polyols. The level of inositol decreased during storage by 6.5 times (from 0.030 mg/ml to 0.007 mg/ml). The data obtained let us suppose the role of inositol as the main antioxidant in the cytosol of spermatozoa. Technological factors of storing rooster semen in various modes (short-term at a temperature of 5ºC and long-term at a temperature of -196ºC) have a significant impact on the ratio of sperm cytosol components (carbohydrates and polyols). A significant, 2.5-fold decrease in the relative content of inositol in the cytosol of frozen/thawed spermatozoa, compared with the indicators of native semen, allows us to recommend the introduction of the antioxidant inositol into the composition of cryoprotective media for rooster semen.