编号 3 (2025)

A radical increase in fruit crop yields requires new knowledge about the protective and adaptive reactions of specific varieties to the limits of their growing environment. The purpose of the research is to develop new scientific approaches to increasing the yields of fruit crop varieties by obtaining new knowledge about the degree of their adaptability to adverse temperature conditions in the winter and spring period, using the example of a peach in the Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria. Data from long-term observations on crop losses of three peach varieties with minimum air temperatures for the period from 1985 to 2024 were compared. in the Steppe, Foothill and Mountain gardening zones of the Republic. Using geoinformation systems, spatial and temporal scenarios and a forecast of land suitability by 2040 have been constructed while maintaining the identified trends. The values of critical temperatures of peach varieties by development phases are established, and the probability of crop losses is estimated on average for two ranges of years: 1985–2000 and 2001–2024, taking into account the cyclical climate. Spatial modeling has shown that despite the observed climate changes in the research area towards an increase in average air temperatures, in recent decades, in general, the likelihood of critical air temperatures in the Republic, especially in the mountains and foothills, has increased. A joint analysis of the created maps of the suitability of land for growing peaches as of 2024 and forecast scenarios of the suitability of land in the region for 2040. It allows us to identify lands whose suitability, while maintaining existing trends, will not change by 2040, either improve to acceptable values, or remain low and even worsen. The proposed approach makes it possible to plan the placement of varieties of perennial fruit crops, taking into account global climate changes. Within the framework of this approach, only trends in changes in critical temperatures of the winter-spring period at various heights of the terrain are taken into account.

The research was conducted in 2022–2024 in the Kirov region in order to identify a new source material for breeding based on the study of genotypic features of collectible samples of spring barley, manifested in the reaction of morphological features to changes in crop density. The object of study was 31 samples of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The scheme of the experiments: crop density 5.0 million pcs./ha (control) and 7.0 million pcs./ha. The observations and accounting of the harvest were carried out in accordance with the Methodological guidelines for the study and preservation of the world collection of barley and oats. The registered area of the plot is 1.35 m², the repeat rate is twofold. The soil is sod-podzolic medium loamy. Weather conditions ranged from arid (HTC = 0.73) in 2024 to excessive moisture (HTC = 2.03) in 2022. On average, over the years of study, 411 pcs./m² (93 %) remained in the control for harvesting, 585 pcs./m² (92 %) in the experiment. Meteorological conditions affected the change in yield, ear length, quantities grain of the ear, productivity of the ear and the plant (contribution share 43.6–69.3 %), the density of the crop affected the number of plants preserved for harvesting and productive stand (16.8–27.9 %). On average, over the years and in the sample, with an increase in crop density, there was a significant decrease in general (by 0.16) and productive (0.11) bushiness, ear length (0.2 cm), number of spikelets (0.8 pcs.) and grains (0.7 pcs.), grain weight per plant (0.06 g). Selected samples Salair, Radegast, L-223/15 and L-209/11 which significantly increased yields by 165…243 g/m², grain weight from the plant by 0.28…0.68 g, and thousand-kernel weight by 2.4…4.0 g with an increase in crop density.

The aim of the study was to identify the developmental features of lavender cultivars and samples explants during long-term in vitro storage under different conditions (in the dark or in low light) and subsequent regrowth, as well as to assess their genetic stability. The following cultivars and samples of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. were used as the source material: Stepnaya, Sineva, Vdala, Volna, Krymchanka, Galleya, No. 12-95, No. 372-44, D-356. An analysis of the development of explants (stem segments with a node) after 6, 9, 12 months of storage at 6…8 °C in the dark and with illumination of 150–300 lux, as well as after their regrowth under in vitro conditions at 24…26 °C and illumination of 2–3 klux was carried out. It was found that after a year of storage under illumination, the number of viable explants (20.8…63.3 %, depending on the genotype) was higher than in the dark (16.3…38.9 %). Significant variability of the analyzed parameters depending on the cultivar and sample was shown. During the deposition process, up to 44.5…49.8 % of developing explants were noted, in which shoots were formed. Analysis of regrowth at 24…26 °C and illumination of 2…3 klx showed that the number of viable explants after a year of storage under illumination in the first subculture reached 85.5…98.5 %, and without illumination – only 30.0…60.0 %. At the same time, restoration of morphometric parameters and multiplication index comparable to those in clonal micropropagation was revealed. Using the example of the Stepnaya, Sineva, Vdala cultivars with the use of 7 molecular genetic markers (RAPD and ISSR), the absence of genetic divergence after a year of in vitro storage compared to the original plants was established. As a result, lavender storage conditions (lighting, storage duration and subsequent regrowth) were optimized and the preservation of genetic stability was shown.

Field and laboratory studies were conducted in 2023 to assess changes in the composition of microbial communities of sod-podzolic heavy loamy soil when growing various crops in the crop rotation: mustard-winter wheat-barley. This sequential rotation of crops was chosen for the basic assessment of dynamic changes in the structure of soil microbiological communities caused by the cultivation of various agricultural crops. The microbial community in soil samples taken 1, 2, and 3 years after green manure plowing was analyzed by amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene of bacteria and archaea. The largest number of taxonomically significant groups of microorganisms (55) was found when comparing the soil used for growing winter wheat and after planting mustard. The number of specific taxa is halved (up to 24) when analyzing barley and mustard soils. The soils occupied under wheat and barley are almost identical in the composition of the dominant bacterial taxa. The most pronounced changes were observed among representatives of the Crenarchaeota archaea belonging to the Nitrososphaeria class. Individual taxa of this class have demonstrated high specificity in relation to the agroecological conditions of grain and mustard cultivation. It is shown that sideration has a minor effect on the composition of the microbial community, apparently primarily at the level of changes in the number of individual bacterial taxa.

The investigation was performed at a cattle breeding reproducer and was aimed to study of dairy productivity of red steppe cows from different genealogical lines as well as qualities of obtained milk and produced fermented dairy product to future using in breeding work, improving the efficiency of milk production. For experience three groups (ten head in each) of first-calf cows from three linear origins were formed: Andalusian 578, Cirrus 16497 and Frem 17291. The dairy productivity of cows from the Frem 17291 line was the highest, than in over groups (6537 kg of milk over 305 DIM). Content of protein and lactose content in milk, obtained from cows of the Cirrus 16497 line, were higher, than in others; and dry matter as well as DSMR (dry skimmed milk residue) were higher in animals of the Frem 17291 line. The highest total milk fat and total milk protein was obtained from cows of the Frem 17291 line, which is by 1.7 % and 1.9 % more, than in animals of the Andalusian 578 line, respectively, and by 3.9 % and 3.6 %, than in the Cirrus 16497 line. By traditional technology the fermented dairy product were produced from the milk of the studied cows. In the study of physicochemical parameters a high content of fat (3.9 %) and protein in the samples (3.21–3.23 %) were revealed, due to the characteristics of the raw materials used. The analysis of the amino acid composition of the samples showed the absence of limiting amino acids in all of each, which indicates the high balanced and nutritional quality of milk protein. The highest amount of essential amino acids (1,542 mg/100g) was found in a sample, produced from the Frem 17291 line cow’s milk.

The scientific and technical production for the reporting year 2024 of agroengineering research institutions of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education and the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, which are under the scientific and methodological guidance of the Department of Agricultural Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences on fundamental and applied research in the field of development of energy-saving environmentally safe machine technologies, robotic equipment and digital systems for the production of high quality and competitive crop production is presented. The demand and relevance of the research results of scientific agroengineering institutions is confirmed by the interest in new developments of agricultural producers and organizations of different forms of ownership of the agrarian sector of the country.

The target of the study was to determine the possibility of reducing the general energy intensity of convective grain drying in industrial installations, such as mine and drum dryers, with a capacity ranging from 2 to 50 tonnes per hour, by using small amounts of microwave energy before filling the product into the drying chamber. The experiments were performed in 2024 at the Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy. The subject of the research was an experimental unit that combined the effects of microwave radiation and convective heat on the product, with the criterion for energy efficiency being energy consumption per unit time. Wheat and rye seeds with different thicknesses were used as products, placed in "transparent" containers for both microwave and convection drying. The trays were placed on a conveyor belt and moved through a microwave chamber using an electric motor. The microwave energy was supplied to the chamber from two sides, from two magnetron sources that operated in pulsed mode and in antiphase. After passing through the microwave chamber, the trays moved to a convection drying chamber, where warm air was blown onto the product from below. This process simulated the convective drying process used in industrial drying facilities. In the first set of experiments, we used a product with a weight of 3 kg and a humidity range of 28–32 %. The product was placed in the convection drying chamber and dried to a moisture content of 12 %. This moisture content corresponds to the requirements for grain storage according to GOST. To determine the energy consumption for drying, we conducted a series of experiments. During these experiments, we adjusted the power of the heating element, which was set at 5 kW. Then, the drying time and energy intensity of the process were determined. The results ranged from 8.5 to 9.5 kW per hour per kilogram of moisture evaporated. In a subsequent series of experiments, the same amount of grain was first exposed to microwave radiation at a level of 1–5 % convective heat energy. The tray with the product was then moved on a conveyor belt to a convective drying chamber, where it was dried to a moisture content of 12 %. Based on the calculated weight reduction of the product during drying, total energy consumption ranged from 6.8 to 7.8 kWh per kilogram of moisture evaporation when adding 1 % microwave power to the drying process. This value ranged from 6.2 to 7.0 kWh at 5 %, resulting in an average reduction in energy use of 19–27 %. These findings indicate the potential for using low-intensity microwave radiation in industrial grain dryers.

The relevance of the study is due to the need to expand the range of competitive alcoholic beverages with original organoleptic properties and ensuring effective import substitution. The previously obtained results on the use of blackcurrant cake in the technology of grain and fruit wort preparation revealed the difficulties of joint processing of raw materials and showed the need for their separate preparation followed by their combination at the stage of saccharification and proteolysis. There is practically no data on the effect of the biochemical composition of grain and fruit wort on the growth and metabolism of yeast cells. The purpose of these studies was to develop conditions for the joint processing of wheat grain and blackcurrant cake to produce a wort that improves the efficiency of yeast generation, ethanol synthesis, and volatile metabolites. blackcurrant cake, a secondary resource of juice production, was used as an unconventional raw material. The conditions for the preliminary preparation of the cake have been developed, including treatment with xylanolytic enzymes followed by pasteurization and alkalinization to pH 4.5. The use of fermented cake (pH 4.5) in the joint preparation of the raw materials of wheat and blackcurrant wort had a positive effect on its performance: the viscosity decreased by 1.7 times, the concentration of soluble carbohydrates increased from 22.0 to 25.1 %, phenolic substances – almost 2 times. The peculiarities of the composition of wheat-blackcurrant wort had a positive effect on the processes of yeast metabolism and alcoholic fermentation, which led to an increase in alcohol yield by 22…27 %, a decrease in the formation of secondary metabolites by 10…17 %, mainly due to a decrease in the synthesis of higher alcohols. At the same time, the concentration of esters increased (by 29…38 %), which can affect the appearance of original shades in the aroma and taste of distillates. A schematic diagram of the complex processing of wheat and blackcurrant cake in the technology of grain-fruit distillates with original properties has been developed.