Geography of Unbranched Channels and Conditions for Their Formation

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Resumo

A geographical analysis is given of the conditions for the development and distribution of rectilinear unbranched channels, forming morphologically homogeneous areas, “inserts” between bends and islands in meandering and braided rivers, as well as channel branches (island branches), floodplain channel branches, and bifurcated channels. It is shown that morphologically homogeneous areas with this type of channel are relatively rare on rivers, which is associated with the instability of rectilinear flow movement. The conditions under which the formation of straight channels is possible are identified: the location of wide floodplain channels along the bedrock banks, on rivers with an incised channel, etc. The developed small-scale map shows the zoning of the territory of Russia according to the distribution of straight, unbranched channels and their occurrence on small and medium-sized rivers with other types of channels. On large and large rivers, sections of straight channels are identified, as well as manifestations of straightness in the form of “inserts” between adjacent bends and branches of different types, in branches of branches of different morphodynamic types and structural levels. The reasons and conditions of transformation of straight channels into sinuous and branched (transforming) channels or their non-transformability in different regions of the country are considered.

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Sobre autores

R. Chalov

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Autor responsável pela correspondência
Email: rschalov@mail.ru

Faculty of Geography

Rússia, Moscow

E. Chalova

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: ekar28@yandex.ru

Faculty of Geography

Rússia, Moscow

G. Golubtsov

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: georgy1995golubcov@yandex.ru

Faculty of Geography

Rússia, Moscow

Bibliografia

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2. Fig. 1. The main varieties of rectilinear unbranched riverbeds: (a) an embedded channel (Angara River, above the confluence with the Yenisei); (b) a broad-bottomed riverbed along the root coast (plesovoe) (Severnaya Dvina River, below the mouth of the river Vychegdy); (c) a wide–bottomed rolling channel (Yellow River), 1, 2 - with a change in the position of the side walls when the rolling is shifted; (d) “insertion” between adjacent bends (middle Irtysh, below the mouth of the Tara River); (e) between the islands of single branches (lower Ob, above S. Peregrebnoye); (f) in the arms of floodplain-channel branches (Nizhnyaya Pechora); (g) the arms of the channel (island) fork (the Irtysh River, below Omsk); (h) on the chest bend along the root coast (the middle Irtysh, above the mouth of the Tobol). 1 – near–shore shoal, 2 - floodplain, 3 – root coast.

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3. Fig. 2. Map of the distribution of rectilinear unbranched channels on the rivers of Russia. Distribution areas on small and medium–sized rivers: 1 – flat rivers with wide-bottomed and adapted channels, mostly meandering, but with sections of different lengths of rectilinear channels; 2 - flat rivers with embedded channels (embedded bends alternating with sections of rectilinear channels): a – in plastic soils, b – in rocky soils; 3 – mountain rivers with developed alluvial forms and semi-mountainous with scattered and complexly branched channels in intra- and intermountain basins in foothill zones; 4 – mountain rivers with embedded channels (rapids and waterfalls, with undeveloped alluvial forms, mudflows); 5 - territories with no river network. Large and largest rivers. Broad–bottomed channels: 6 - rectilinear unbranched channels; 7 – rectilinear channels between single branches forming morphologically homogeneous sections; 8 – rectilinear channels of the main branches in unilateral and bilateral branches; 9 – rectilinear sections (“inserts”) between bends and branches; 10 – rectilinear branches in channel island branches; 11 – isolated, episodically occurring fragments of a rectilinear riverbed on meandering and branched rivers. Embedded channels: 12 – rectilinear unbranched; 13 – rectilinear sections between embedded bends and branches; 14 – rectilinear arms in branched channels; 15 – single fragments of a rectilinear channel among embedded bends and branches; 16 – rectilinear arms in delta branches.

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4. Fig. 3. Parallel-arm embedded channel of the middle Lena with rectilinear arms (satellite image).

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