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Vol 5, No 4 (2023)
DEBATING ISSUES OF HISTORY
Napoleon's Paris: The Imperial Capital
Abstract
The article attempts to identify the features of new approaches that have appeared in French historiography in recent decades in terms of characterizing the forms of power presentation. The author does it on the example of Napoleon Bonaparte's realization of the idea of imperiousness in relation to Paris. It is concluded that such an idea was realized not only and not so much through the creation of pompous buildings, but through giving Paris the image of a city of the «middle class», on more than was previously, the effective organization of the urban environment, the development of theaters, musical life, museum, library and publishing, the formation of an effective structure of scientific and educational institutions.
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HISTORY OF RUSSIA
Manufacturing of Military Products According to Naval Orders by Mining Plants of the Urals at the End of the 18th — First Quarter of the 19th Centuries
Abstract
The purpose of the research. The article discusses the organization of the implementation of orders of the maritime department by state-owned mining plants in the Urals. Based on materials from federal and regional archives, as well as regulations, the formation of a system for the supply of metals and other products for the fleet at the end of the 18th century is shown. According to the Manifesto of May 21, 1779, only state-owned mining plants were to carry out orders for the army and navy. At the beginning of the 19th century with the approval of instructions for the acceptance of guns, shells and metals from mining plants, a regulatory supply base for army and navy orders is formed. The author is noted that Ural enterprises supplied iron for the needs of shipbuilding and port construction, anchors and cast iron for ballast. In the first quarter of the 19th century the specialization of the region's mining plants in the production of products for the Baltic ports and the Arkhangelsk port took shape. Some of the metals and anchors were sent to the Black Sea ports. With the increase in military threat on the eve and during the Napoleonic wars and the growth of shipbuilding, the volume of orders of the naval department increased. As a result, already in the second decade of the 19th century mining factories could not fully carry out military orders.
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Formation of the St. Petersburg State Mobile Militia and its Participation in Military Operations in 1855–1856
Abstract
The article presented to your attention is devoted to a little-researched topic — the participation of the State Mobile Militia in the Crimean War of 1853–1856. The author examines in this work the history of the formation of only the capital’s squads in 1855. Moreover, not a single work has been published on the mobile militia of the St. Petersburg province to date. In total, by the end of the Crimean, or as it was also called the Eastern War, 196 squads were formed in 18 provinces of Russia. Of this number, only 5 squads were formed in the St. Petersburg province, which never ended up in the main theaters of military operations. According to the decision of the authorities, they were to participate in repelling enemy landing operations on the coast of the Gulf of Finland. However, the Anglo-French forces, after several such weak and unsuccessful attempts to seize a springboard in the Vyborg region for an invasion of the northwestern borders of the country, decisively abandoned such plans, fearing complete defeat. Thanks to the indecisiveness of the enemy, the capital's squad managed to attend only one military clash. However, in this skirmish the St. Petersburg militia most likely witnessed the clash, since they failed to use their weapons.
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The Head of the Special Office of the Staff of the Supreme Commander-In-Chief Pavel Zubov: Touches to the Biography
Abstract
The author reconstructs the biography of Pavel Nikolaevich Zubov, a member of the White Movement in the East of Russia. The author examines in detail the main stages of life path of Pavel Zubov, starting from his birth and ending with his death. Special attention is paid to the key events of his biography — his participation in the Yekaterinburg anti-Bolshevik underground in 1918 and his work as head of the Special Office of the Staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief in 1919. The author substantiates the version that Pavel Zubov was the head of the Yekaterinburg secret military organization that prepared an uprising in the city against the Soviet government.
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The Spectrum of Threats to Women's Personal Safety in the 1920–1935 (Based on Materials from the Urals)
Abstract
The article considers the threats to the personal safety of women in the Urals in the period of the 1920–1935. The source base of the research of the topic was archival documents identified in the Ural archives, periodical press materials, memories of eyewitnesses of the events. The main factors that influenced the state of women's personal security are named: the general low level of well-being of the population, the weak development of social guarantees for the life support of citizens of the country, the complex of the old customs and mores of society. The old (traditional) and new, genuine and imaginary threats to women's health and life in the extreme conditions of the first decades of the Soviet era are characterized and illustrated.
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ECONOMIC HISTORY
On the Question of the Practice of Increasing Peasant Payments in the Process of Emancipating Serfs in the St. Petersburg District
Abstract
In the process of implementing the peasant reform of 1861 and carrying out the redemption operation, the basis for determining the size of peasant allotments and payments was the articles of Local regulations, which regulated the procedure for allocating land to peasants and establishing the amount of duties, depending on the pre-reform situation and local norms. Deviations from these rules, contained in charters and redemption documents, were relatively rare in the province and on the periphery of the capital provinces. They were considered in the Provincial presences for Peasant Affairs and the Main Redemption Institution. At the same time, cases of a significant increase in post-reform peasant payments «in excess of the norm» were quite common in the metropolitan St. Petersburg district and became the subject of special discussion in the Ministry of Finance and Internal Affairs. The article considers examples of increasing the size of peasant payments during the implementation of the peasant reform in 1861–1863 and the subsequent redemption operation. The decisions taken on this issue later became a precedent in the practical Implementation Of the redemption operation.
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Agricultural Taxation of Ural Individual Farmers at the Final Stage of Collectivization
Abstract
The problem of taxation of peasants during the years of collectivization still remains relevant for researchers. Scientists in the field of historical, economic and legal sciences turn to the study of certain aspects of the tax policy of the Soviet government in the 1930s. However, there is still not enough research on this problem covering the largest regions of the country, such as the Greater Urals. The conclusions obtained as a result of the study allow us to identify the peculiarities of taxation of the Ural peasantry. The author continued a series of articles devoted to the implementation of the agricultural tax in the Urals, but within new administrative-territorial boundaries from 1934 to the early 1940s. The purpose of studying the problem is to identify, on the basis of historical and legal analysis, the features of the implementation of tax legislation in the Urals. The object of study was the individual peasantry. The use of both general scientific and historical methods (comparative, statistical, historical-genetic and others) made it possible to solve the problems. The scientific novelty of the research was manifested in the use of new documentary material, the development of a dynamic table, and the systematization of data from various sources. The analysis confirmed the hypothesis about non-economic methods of influencing the farms of individual farmers, which in the pre-war years led to their virtual disappearance from the economic life of the village. The agricultural tax, coupled with other cash payments and natural food compulsory deliveries, forced individual farmers to join a collective farm or migrate to the city, move to state farms and other production structures.
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Summarising of Modernization of the Tank Industry of the USSR in 1929–1932
Abstract
The article illuminates the transition period at the development of Soviet tank industry, which chronologically correlates with the era of the First Five-Year Plan. The work analyzes the main trends in the development of the Russian tank industry in the late 1920s — early 1930s, and shows the main reasons for the copying of foreign military equipment samples as the main way to modernize the armored forces of the Red Army. According to the practical technical and economic limitations that influenced the progress of the implementation of the program for creating modern armored weapons of the Red Army during the First Five-Year Plan are shown. The publication covers the organizational and technical formation of the Special Machine Building Trust (Spetsmashtrest) and its subordinate factories as the foundation for the modernization of the USSR tank industry in the Second Five-Year Plan.
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SOCIOCULTURAL COMMUNICATIONS IN THE PAST AND PRESENT
Russian-Belarusian Borderland in Memories of S.V. Kovalevskaya
Abstract
Purpose of the study. The theme of the borderland is one of the leading discourses. The Russian-Belarusian borderland is a special cultural phenomenon. This paper attempts to analyze the image of the Russian-Belarusian borderland on the basis of the published memoirs of the first Russian woman mathematician Sofia Vasilievna Kovalevskaya (Korvin-Krukovskaya), whose childhood and adolescence were spent on the Polibino estate, Vitebsk province (now Pskov region).
Conclusions. The Russian-Belarusian borderland of the 1850-1860s appears in «Memoirs» by S.V. Kovalevskaya deep province, living according to the traditions of the previous era. A red thread running through the text is the paternalistic image of an educated and fair landowner, the example of which is Father Vasily Vasilyevich Korin-Krukovskoy. The ethno-confessional environment of the Polibino estate and the entire Nevelsk district, bordering the Pskov province, is quite diverse and includes Polish, Belarusian and Russian elements. Historical memory of S.V. Kovalevskoy links this territory with Lithuania, not Russia. The «Polish Question» plays an important role for the nobility of this territory, which has a negative attitude towards Russian officers taking part in restoring order. Memories once again emphasize the fact that the formation of a teenager occurs under the influence of family, teachers and the environment.
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Improvement of Labor Protection and Safety at the Enterprises of the West Siberian Oil and Gas Complex in 1964–1991
Abstract
The article discusses the development of the labor protection system in the health care of the Tyumen region in the context of creating the oil and gas industry. The stages of improving occupational health and safety, as components of the preventive direction of Soviet health care, are analyzed. The reasons for the high level of injuries at the enterprises of the oil and gas industry in the region are identified and justified, the types of occupational injuries are considered. Based on the study, the author concludes that in the Tyumen region, in the conditions of lack of funds and people, despite the targeted and systematic implementation of labor protection measures, the reduction of injuries and the incidence of illness among workers was extremely slow. These indicators were significantly higher than those for the Russian Federation and existing planned standards. The study of occupational safety and health at the enterprises of the WSOGC of the period under review multiplies the number of scientific problems studied, deepens knowledge on the history of health care in the Tyumen region. The materials of the article can be useful for conducting research on the history of Siberia, for developing independent special courses, as additional material for reading courses on History of the industry or region.
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Development of a Specialized Therapeutic Service in the Tyumen Region 1964–1991
Abstract
The article is devoted to the analysis of the creation of specialized therapeutic services in the Tyumen region in the period 1964–1991. as a kind of phenomenon against the backdrop of special socio-economic and historical transformations. During this period, the region experienced rapid industrial development of the oil and gas-bearing northern territories, state social programs were implemented, and large investments were made in healthcare. As a result of the analysis of data from archival documents and statistical materials, the terms of creation and main indicators of the activities of treatment and preventive institutions for rheumatological, endocrinological, hematological, nephrological, occupational pathology, pulmonological and gastroenterological services from 1964 to 1991 were established. The work notes the activities of outstanding doctors and health care organizers related to the creation of Tyumen specialized services. Based on the study, it was concluded that, basically, these services were created and functioned, significantly improving the quality of medical care to the population. An important role was played by the state policy of enhanced financing of healthcare and medical construction in the Tyumen region.
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The Contribution of Armenians to the Development of the West Siberian Oil and Gas Complex
Abstract
The article draws attention to the fact that in the literature devoted to Armenians in the Tyumen region, there are practically no references to the personalities of representatives of the Armenian ethnic group. Meanwhile, the anthropological turn that has taken place in historical science allows many of the studied issues to be considered from a different angle, to rethink previously obtained conclusions. The author attempts to fill the existing gap, relying on electronic databases, encyclopedias, biographical dictionaries, fiction, sources of personal origin, first of all, the memories of people who worked in the Tyumen region during the creation and development of the oil and gas complex of Western Siberia (1964-1989). The tasks are to analyze the features of the migration of Armenians to the Tyumen region during the period of creation and development of the West Siberian oil and gas complex, as well as the creation of a socio-cultural portrait of migrant Armenians.
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HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Sverdlovsk Period of Historian of Technology V. V. Danilevsky
Abstract
The article considers the life and activities of an outstanding Soviet historian of technology V.V. Danilevsky (1898–1960) during his stay in Sverdlovsk during the evacuation years. The path of V.V. Danilevsky in the history of technology is shown, when the profession «historian of science and technology» was just being formed, and the history of science and technology was formalized in independent research direction. During the Great Patriotic War, the efforts of V.V. Danilevsky in Sverdlovsk created a Group on the History of Technology at the Department of Technical Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences. For several years it was held here such significant work on the study of industrial and technological development in the Urals that in 1944 there was on the basis of the Group organized by the Commission on the History of Technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
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On the Question of Cadet Participation in the Organization of Fire Fighting in the Ural (1930s — 1940s)
Abstract
The article is devoted to the study of the historical experience of practical training of cadets of the Sverdlovsk Fire-Technical School of the NKVD of the USSR — Sverdlovsk Fire-Technical School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR in the pre-war period, during the Great Patriotic War and in the first post-war years. The purpose of this study was to study the issues of organizing the service of cadets as part of the fire garrison of the city of Sverdlovsk, to analyze specific examples of their direct participation in extinguishing fires, both within the city and in various areas of the Sverdlovsk region and other regions of the Ural region. The authors paid special attention to the problem of combining practical and theoretical training for cadets, the costs of organizing the educational process, and the reasons for the underestimation of theoretical training in the historical period under study. The theoretical basis of the study was the works of domestic, and, above all, Ural historians and specialists in the field of fire protection history. The source base for the authors' research was archival documents stored in the collections of the Documentation Center for Public Organizations of the Sverdlovsk Region, the State Archive of the Sverdlovsk Region and the archive of the Ural Institute of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia. The methodological basis of the research was the methods of historicism, content analysis, interdisciplinary approach, as well as such general scientific methods as analysis and synthesis. The authors adhere to the concept of the predominance of a technocratic approach in training personnel for the Soviet fire department, determined by the paradigm of industrialization and cultural revolution in the USSR.
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On the Issue of Improving the Teaching of the Course «History and Philosophy of Science» for Graduate Students of a Modern University
Abstract
The article, based on the extensive experience of teaching the course by employees of the Department of History of Science and Technology, and then History of Russia at UrFU, traces the process of changing the methodology of teaching this course. Particular attention is paid to the pandemic period, when an attempt was made to significantly change the forms of work with students. The article uses data from a survey of engineering students (half of them were surveyed), conducted based on the results of the past academic year 2022/2023. Conclusions and proposals are made for further improvement of the educational and methodological process.
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Implementation of Monuments of Industrial and Commercial Architecture into Urban Tourist Product (By the Example of Grodno)
Abstract
The article examines industrial and commercial objects of the city of Grodno, which represent various historical eras, architectural and urban planning trends and, according to their criteria, correspond to monuments of historical and cultural heritage. The stages of development of architecture and construction in the city at various stages of its history are identified. Examples of their reconstruction and renovation, as well as modern use, are given. Attention is paid to the use of these monuments for tourism and recreational purposes.
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HISTORIOGRAPHY
Censorship and Press of the Russian Empire in the Second Half of the 19th — Early 20th Centuries in Modern Russian Historiography
Abstract
The paper provides a historiographical analysis of the points of view by modern Russian researchers on the development of censorship and press in Russia in the second half of the XIX — early XX century. The paper notes that there was no consensus among Russian researchers on the transformation of the domestic information sphere during this period. The studies of Russian historians have a very ambiguous assessment of its potential and the results of its development. The paper concludes that the works of modern Russian historians do not completely exhaust the topic of socio-cultural modernization in the field of censorship and press of the late Imperial era. Therefore, the development of Russian information sphere in the aforementioned period needs further comprehensive research.
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REVIEWS
Review to the Bibliographic Index on Domestic Bonistics A. G. Baranov. Domestic Bonistics. Bibliographic Index (1808–2021). — Moscow, 2022. — 520 p.
Abstract
The review examines such an unusual phenomenon in historical science as the appearance of a bibliography on Russian bonistics over a huge period, carried out by the famous bonist specialist A.G. Baranov. The structure of the book is examined and a positive assessment is given both to the quality of the work performed and to its printing execution.
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DEBATING ISSUES OF GENERAL HISTORY AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Russian Troops in France and the February Revolution: Transformation of the System of Relations and Revolutionization of the Ranks of the Russian Expeditionary Corps in the Spring of 1917
Abstract
The article examines the peculiarities of the perception of the February Revolution of 1917 by soldiers and officers of the Russian Expeditionary Corps in France. Based on documents from domestic and foreign archives, the author reconstructs the events of the spring of 1917, analyzes the relationship between the French authorities and the Russian contingent, examines in detail the basics of the formation of soldiers' committees at various levels, as well as army, regimental and disciplinary courts. In addition, the process of demoralization of Russian troops in France is considered and its causes are highlighted. The conclusions are presented that the revolutionary changes led to the complete loss by officers of the levers of control of the soldiers' masses, which was the cause of decomposition and loss of discipline. Russian troops were also decayed by the unsuccessful spring offensive, which led to the biggest losses in the history of the Russian Expeditionary Corps. The personal attitude of the commanders of special brigades to the revolution is also important. In many ways, this attitude influenced the order and discipline in the units.
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ETNOLOGY
On the Consideration of the Settlement and Housing Complex of the Mordva in the Materials of the Periodic and Historical and Statistical Publications of the Second Half of the XIX — Early XX Century
Abstract
The article analyzes periodicals and historical and statistical publications of the second half of the XIX — early XX centuries, assesses their importance for the study of the traditional settlement and housing complex of the Mordva. The author found that the materials of pre-revolutionary periodicals reflect to a considerable extent the role of settlements, dwellings and household buildings in the traditional ritual of the Mordva, contain descriptions of many structural and architectural elements of buildings. Quantitative features characterizing Mordovian settlements are given in historical and statistical publications. It is concluded that these materials still retain their value and relevance for researchers.
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