STATE OF CYTOKINES, ALPHA-AMYLASE AS A MARKERS OF AUTONOMOUS NERVOUS SYSTEM AND CORRECTION WATER DRINKING BEHAVIOR

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Introduction. Cytokines coordinate and regulate communication in the neuro-endocrine-immune network, affects the stress-related activity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) [1], also its affect the level of activity and sensitivity discharges of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, initiate immunomodulatory reactions (sympathetic-immune interaction) [2]. Alpha-amylase (sAA) is a link between the autonomic nervous and immune systems. The autonomic nervous system plays an important role in secreting sAA with the contribution of both alpha adrenergic and beta-adrenergic mechanisms, therefore sAA can be considered as an indirect indicator of its activation [3], to be a marker of stress-induced sympathetic nervous system activity [4]. The aim is to detect the relationship between sympathetic activity (determine the Cerdo index), sAA and citokynes (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6) in healthy young volunteers with correction water drinking behavior. Materials and methods. The object of randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study were 85 young healthy people (18-20 years). All participants were selected according to the inclusion-exclusion criteria [5]. The study population was randomized in three groups: 1) an test group of 30 people who for 3 months (3 stages: 09/20/2014; 08/11/2014; 12/13/2014) used pure drinking water daily (35 ml per 1 kg of body weight cleaned with the help of the Aquadisk electromagnetic device (Aqua-Sistema, Moscow); 2) placebo group - 30 students consumed drinking water for 6 months in the experimental group mode using the Aquadisk placebo device (without an electromagnetic device); 3) the control group - 25 people who adhered to the usual water drinking behavior both in quantity and quality of the consumed fluid. Also participants were divided into subpopulations depending on the content of saliva IL-1β: IL-1β ≤ 212 pg/ml (without predictor of inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity (without PID)) and IL-1β > 212 pg/ml (with PID). The object for the study was saliva. The collection, transportation, processing and storage of biomaterial was carried out according to standardized protocols. The level of sAA activity was measured colorimetrically using a Cobas C111 automatic analyzer (Roche) and test systems from the same company. The number of cytokines was detected by ELISA on an Infinity F50 photometer (Tecan), using test systems from VectorBest (Novosibirsk). The Kerdo index (indicator of VNS activity evaluation) was calculated using the formula Index = 100 × (1 - DP/Pulse), where DP is the diastolic pressure in mm Hg; Pulse - heart rate per minute). A positive value of this index indicates the predominance of sympathetic influences in the ANS activity, a negative one - about the predominance of parasympathetic influences, “0” - about functional equilibrium. Statistical processing included non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance (KWA), as well as pairwise comparisons of groups using the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon nonparametric criterion (MWWC). The numerical values of biochemical parameters are given as averageor median (Me) and quartiles (25%-75%). Differences between variation series were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Results and discussion. Activity of sAA decrease in test (from Me = 272.2 U/ml (25%-75% = = 125.8-426.9) to 167.9 (25%-75% = 35.0-308.4), p > 0.05) and placebo groups (from 371.2 U/ml (25%-75% = 116.1-714.6) to 259.9 (25%-75% = = 0.1-401,2), p = 0.05) at the second stage, and the preservation of this trend in these groups by the end of the study (test - 249.9 U/ml (25%-75% = 112.0-475.1), placebo - 292.5 U/ml (25%-75% = 121.1-529.9)) in contrast to the increase in its activity in the control group (from 395.5 U/ml (25%-75% = 137.1-889.5) in the first stage to 565.9 U/ml (25%-75% = 122.4-852.5) in the third). The cytokine profile for median indices was within the normal range without significant shifts both between and within groups, except for the IL-1β/IL-6 ratio at the third stage (KWA, p = 0.048) - the value in the experience groups and placebo (146.66 and 111.61, respectively) exceeded by 3 times (for experience, MWWC p = 0.026) and 2.4 times (for placebo, MWWC p = 0.048) this indicator in the control group. The division of participants in the subpopulations revealed a tendency to a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines in the saliva. In the subpopulation with PID (IL-1β ≥ 212 pg/ml): in the test group, the average value of IL-1β decreased to the third stage by 27% (from 247.7 pg/ml to 194.4 pg/ml), in the placebo to the group, the reduction was 31.5% (from 243.24 pg/ml to 184.96 pg/ml), while in the control the level of IL-1β remained at the same level (250 pg/ml), p > 0.05 for all of the above changes. The average IL-1β/IL-4 ratio in the test group to the final stage of the study decreased by 11.6 times (from 202.42 in the first stage to 17.4 in the third stage), which implies the immunomodulation effect of corrected drinking behavior. In the same subpopulation of the placebo group, an increase in the IL-1β/IL-4 ratio by 18.8% was observed (from 132.56 to 163.21), which according to the literature indicates a Th1-polarization of the immune response [6]. Statistically significant changes in the Cerdo index were recorded using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at stages 1-3 of the study in a subpopulation of IL > 212 between the test groups (average values of the index 12.68 ± 4.38) and placebo (7.25 ± 7.95). In relative figures, this was reflected in the prevalence in the test group of participants with parasympathicotonia (66.67%), while in the placebo group this figure was 58.33%, and in the control 50%. Conclusion. A decrease in the activity of sAA as a marker of a decrease in the activity of the sympathetic nervous system of the test group and a placebo group in the second and third stages of the study, in contrast to an increase in its activity in the control group in the third stage, correlates with a decrease in the activity of the sympathetic nervous system according to the Cerdo test groups and placebo, which may indirectly indicate a more successful adaptation to stress in individuals who use water in accordance with physiological need. Cytokine levels and the ratio of IL-1β/IL-6 and IL-1β/IL-4 show a shift of markers of the immune response in favor of anti-inflammatory (given that IL-6 is able to exert reciprocal inhibition of IL-1β) in the experience and placebo groups, which testifies to the immunomodulation effect of correcting drinking behavior with the use of water, clean in a physical way.

About the authors

G M Baisheva

Samara state medical university

K N Melnik

Togliatti city clinical hospital

References

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